the dedicated satellite mission goce will sense various small mass variations along its path around the earth. here we study the effect of the earth’s topography and atmosphere on goce data. the effects depend on the magnitude of topographic height, and they will therefore vary by region. as the effect of the atmosphere and topography must be removed from the total gravity anomaly prior to geoi...

The role played by di erent core processes in the changes in the Earth's rotation is assessed and fully dynamical models of the torsional Alfvén waves inside the uid core are reviewed. These waves, rst studied by Braginsky (1970), consist of geostrophic circulation. They have decadal periods and yield time changes in core angular momentum. They arise from small departures from an hypothetical q...

Vegetation indices play an important role in monitoring variations in vegetation.The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) proposed by the MODIS Land Discipline Groupand the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are both global-based vegetationindices aimed at providing consistent spatial and temporal information regarding globalvegetation. However, many environmental factors such as atmosphe...

The epidemic of lung cancer in Xuanwei City, China, remains serious despite the reduction of the risk of indoor air pollution through citywide stove improvement. The main objective of this study was to characterize the influences of topography on the spatiotemporal variations of lung cancer mortality in Xuanwei during 1990-2013. Using the spatially empirical Bayes method, the smoothed mortality...

Most Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements are performed on nearly flat areas. If strongly dipping reflections and/or diffractions are present in the GPR data, a classical migration processing step is needed in order to determine the geometries of shallow structures. Nevertheless, a standard migration routine is not suitable for GPR data collected on areas showing a variable and large top...

The high spatial resolution of QuickBird satellite images makes it possible to show spatial variability at fine details. However, the effect of topography-induced illumination variations become more evident, even in moderately sloped areas. Based on a high resolution (1 m) digital elevation model generated with high-frequency real-time kinematic global position system measurements, this study a...

Hillslope length is a fundamental attribute of landscapes, intrinsically linked to drainage density, landslide hazard, biogeochemical cycling and hillslope sediment transport. Existing methods to estimate catchment average hillslope lengths include inversion of drainage density or identification of a break in slope–area scaling, where the hillslope domain transitions into the fluvial domain. He...

introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphologic surface of gutta­percha cones after cutting with different methods. materials and methods: the apical 3 millimeters of forty standardized, gutta-percha cones size 40 were cut off using scissors or a scalpel against a glass slab. the samples were then examined under scanning electron microscopy (sem) for topographic deformit...

The topographic effect on land surface reflectance is an important factor affecting quantitative analysis of remotely sensed data in mountainous regions. Different approaches have been developed to reduce topographical effects. Of the many methods, the Minnaert correction method is most frequently used for topographic correction, but a single global Minnaert value used in previous research cann...