BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and the incidence is increasing as a result of growing hepatitis B and C virus infections. Primary clear cell carcinoma of the liver (PCCCL) is a rare subgroup of primary HCC, which has low metastatic potential and infrequently reported in literature. Retroperitoneal and intrahepatic metastasis of P...

n this issue of the Journal, a clinical investigation by Ozaki et al focuses on the flushing solution used for image acquisition with frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT).1 The authors present the cross-sectional area measurement as a quantitative evaluation using low-molecular dextran L (LMD-L) approximate to that of contrast media, and the non-inferiority of LMD-L to contras...

The edges of an image define the image boundary. When the image is noisy, it does not become easy to identify the edges. Therefore, a method requests to be developed that can identify edges clearly in a noisy image. Many methods have been proposed earlier using filters, transforms and wavelets with Ant colony optimization (ACO) that detect edges. We here used ACO for edge detection of noisy ima...

purpose: to compare the efficacy of adding an opposite clear corneal incision (occi) on the steep axis during phacoemulsification in reducing the pre-existing corneal astigmatism. methods: this randomized clinical trial was performed on 120 eyes with corneal astigmatism of >1d undergoing phacoemulsification. incisions were made based on the type of astigmatism as follows: superior or superior+o...

A 44-year-old male smoker presented with productive cough, sore throat and dyspnea for 2 weeks. He had no fever but had lost about 8 kg in body weight in the recent 2 months. He was referred to a tertiary hospital where a physical examination revealed face, neck and right arm swelling. A chest plain film showed right upper lung consolidation and upper mediastinal widening (Figure 1). Chest comp...