UNLABELLED The determinants of the maintenance of chronic hepadnaviral infection are yet to be fully understood. A long-standing unresolved argument in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) research field suggests that during chronic hepadnaviral infection, cell-to-cell spread of hepadnavirus is at least very inefficient (if it occurs at all), virus superinfection is an unlikely event, and chronic hepadn...

UNLABELLED Many viruses have the capacity to prevent a cell from being infected by a second virus, often termed superinfection exclusion. Alphaherpesviruses, including the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and the animal herpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), encode a membrane-bound glycoprotein, gD, that can interfere with subsequent virion entry. We sought to characterize the timin...

Eleven patients with generalized Wegener's granulomatosis were studied. Pulmonary involvement occurred 1 month earlier than a rapid rise of serum creatinine value. Under immunosuppressive therapy, nodules and infiltrations abated slower in patients with bronchopulmonary superinfection (mean, 30 days) compared with patients without superinfection (mean, 18 days). In the short run, radiographic c...

conclusions elevated aminotransferases in chb patients are most commonly caused by exacerbation of chb. nevertheless, when hbv dna is not elevated, other reasons should be excluded. amongst others, superinfection with another hepatotropic virus can be the reason for decompensation of chronic hepatitis b. this case report describes an asymptomatic hev superinfection followed by a flare in hbv re...

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare and diffuse lung process, characterized by the presence of alveolar spaces filled with amorphous eosinophilic material. Impaired macrophage function and impaired host defence due to abnormalities of surfactant proteins may favor the growth of microorganisms. The association of alveolar proteinosis with mycobacterial infections is rarely reported. T...

In chronic hepatitis B (CHB), hepatitis D virus (HDV) superinfection can lead to acute liver failure. The incidence of HDV superinfection is unknown, but is often detected in immigrants from HDV endemic countries. In this report, we characterize long-term clinical and virological outcomes in a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected carrier before and after HDV superinfection, acquired from their spou...

OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the rates of HIV superinfection and primary HIV infection in high-risk female sex workers (FSWs) in Kampala, Uganda. DESIGN A retrospective analysis of individuals who participated in a clinical cohort study among high-risk FSWs in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS Plasma samples from HIV-infected FSWs in Kampala, Uganda were examined with next-generation sequencin...

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) dual infection (DI) has been associated with decreased CD4 T-cell counts and increased viral loads; however, the frequency of intrasubtype DI is poorly understood. We used ultradeep sequencing (UDS) to estimate the frequency of DI in a primary infection cohort of predominantly men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS  HIV-1 genomes from l...

HIV-1 superinfection, in which an infected individual acquires a second HIV-1 infection from a different partner, is one of the only settings in which HIV acquisition occurs in the context of a pre-existing immune response to natural HIV infection. There is evidence that initial infection provides some protection from superinfection, particularly after 6months of initial infection, when develop...

BACKGROUND/AIM In this retrospective study, the efficacy of ertapenem and piperacillin tazobactam was compared in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs). Treatment responses were also evaluated for both antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 230 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these, 170 received ertapenem and 60 received piperacillin-tazobactam. RESULT...