neuromelanin (nm) pigment accumulates with age in catecholaminergic neurons in man, and the ventral substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons that are the most vulnerable to degeneration in parkinson's disease (pd) contain the greatest amount of this pigment. in vitro data indicate that nm pigment is formed from the excess cytosolic catecholamine that is not accumulated into synaptic vesicles via t...

The cellular and molecular factors responsible for neurotoxic effects (e.g.) tardive dyskinesia are incompletely understood. Accumulation of free radical species (ROS) is major contributing factor for such effects. The observation that suppression of glutamate decarboxylase in substantial nigra and increase release of glutamic acid support that neurotoxic effects of glutamic acid mediate throug...

parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. the motor symptoms of parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain the cause of this cell death is unknown. homocysteine (hcy) is a non-protein amino acid. it is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine. the elevated levels of homocysteine in pl...

The increasing world population and developing industrial areas increase the need for energy. This situation makes alternative renewable energy sources efficient use of these more valuable. In this study, seeds Sinapis arvensis, Brassica nigra, napus from Brassicaceae family grown in ecological conditions Bayburt province Turkey, to determine usability potential wild species biodiesel productio...

The detection of an enlarged echogenic size ("hyperechogenicity") of the substantia nigra on transcranial sonography is increasingly used for the early and differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease. However, the diagnostic value of substantia nigra sonography depends on the quality of its execution. This article with an accompanying video presents a step-by-step description and demonstration ...