Spartina alterniflora, a perennial grass with C(4)-photosynthesis, shows great invading potential in the coastal ecosystems in the east of China. We compared trace gas emissions from S. alterniflora with those from a native C(3) plant, Phragmites australis, by establishing brackish marsh mesocosms to experimentally assess the effects of plant species (S. alterniflora vs. P. australis), flooding...

Living stromatolites growing in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park are composed of silica-encrusted cyanobacterial mats. Two cyanobacterial mat types grow on the stromatolite surfaces and are preserved as two distinct lithofacies. One mat is present when the stromatolites are submerged or at the water-atmosphere interface and the other when stromatolites protrude from the hot spring. The...

The amphibious leafless sedge Eleocharis vivipara develops C 4 -like traits as well as Kranz anatomy under terrestrial conditions, but it develops C 3 -like traits without Kranz anatomy under submerged conditions. When submerged plants are exposed to aerial conditions, they rapidly produce new photosynthetic tissues with C 4 -like traits. In this study, experiments were performed to determine w...

N.sitophila was grown under controlled conditions of solid state and submerged fermentation on Sago hampas. The optimum conditions of protein enrichment previously established for sugar beet pulp was used for this study. Under this condition the protein content of Sago hampas under solid state increased from 1.4 to 14.45% (W/W) whereas for Sago hampas and Sago starch, the protein content under ...

Invasion by free-floating species, such as Eichhornia crassipes, is one of the most critical threats to the biodiversity and sustainability of wetland ecosystems, where all plants experience spatial heterogeneity in substrate nutrients. However, few studies have focused on the effects of free-floating invaders on the capacity of submerged plants to utilize substrate nutrients. A 10-week greenho...

In this study, we have investigated variations in the potential of floating and submerged leaves of longleaf pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus) to withstand silver ion (Ag+)-toxicity. Both floating and submerged leaves changed clear colorless AgNO3 solutions to colloidal brown in the presence of light. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of distinct crystalline Ag-nanoparticles (...

In this paper, submerged vanes were placed at the upstream area of a bridge pier located at the 90 degree angle. Then, using the laboratory equipment, a study of flow pattern was conducted throughout the bend, specifically around the pier and submerged vanes. ADV velocimeter was incorporated in order to help measure 3D velocity components. Submerged vanes were installed at distances of 40 and 6...

Submerged macrophyte communities are frequently subjected to disturbance of various frequency and strength. However, there is still little experimental evidence on how mechanical disturbance affects the performance and species composition of such plant communities. In a greenhouse experiment, we constructed wetland communities consisting of five co-occurring clonal submerged macrophyte species ...