Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) is the simplest form of genetic molecule and constitutes the genome in some viruses and presumably in primitive life-forms. However, an innate and unsolved problem regarding the ssRNA genome is formation of inactive double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during replication. Here, we addressed this problem by focusing on the secondary structure. We systematically designed RNAs w...

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) TRS1 and IRS1 genes rescue replication of vaccinia virus (VV) that has a deletion of the double-stranded RNA binding protein gene E3L (VVDeltaE3L). Like E3L, these HCMV genes block the activation of key interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated antiviral pathways. We investigated the hypothesis that the products of these HCMV genes act by binding...

Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced interference is a promising agricultural technology for crop protection against various pathogens. Recent advances in this field have enhanced the overall efficiency with which approach inhibits pathogenic viruses. Our previous study verified that treatment of Nicotiana benthamiana plants dsRNAs targeting helper component-proteinase ( HC-Pro ) and nu...

Molecules of single-stranded ribosomal RNA and double-stranded replicative form of phage f2 RNA (dsRNA) adopt a compact form in solutions, containing sufficiently high concentrations of salt (NaCl) and polymer (PEG). However, only in the cases of native dsRNA molecules the compact particles are characterized by a regular internal structure, which accounts for the appearance of an intense positi...

Reovirus contains double-stranded ribonucleic acid with a molecular weight of approximately 107 daltons. 1 2 This RNA exists in the virion as a continuous linear structure, but it is extraordinarily susceptible to breakage.3-5 When isolated by any of the commonly used extraction techniques, the major portion of viral RNA appears as fragments with lengths of 0.35 ,u, 0.6 gA, and 1.1 jA, correspo...

A technique is described for synthesizing and transfecting double stranded RNA (dsRNA) for RNA interference (RNAi) in Sf-21 cell culture. Transfection with dsRNA only requires an hour and the cells usually recover within 12 h. Suggestions for designing dsRNA are included in the methods. Furthermore, websites are provided for rapid and effective dsRNA design. Three kits are essential for using t...

Systemic RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans requires the widely conserved transmembrane protein SID-1 to transport RNAi silencing signals between cells. When expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, C. elegans SID-1 enables passive dsRNA uptake from the culture medium, suggesting that SID-1 functions as a channel for the transport of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here we show that nucleic acid transport by...

In general, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins (dsRBPs) are not sequence-specific. A dsRNA molecule in a cell will interact with any dsRBP it comes in contact with, suggesting that different dsRNA-mediated pathways intersect and affect each other. This paper analyzes evidence that the ADAR RNA editing enzymes, which act on dsRNA, affect dsRNA-mediated gene silencing pathways. Examples...

Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a regulatory mechanism of gene expression mediated by small RNAs. By using the RNAi technique, exogenous double-stranded (dsRNA) designed to target mRNA, suppresses levels in plants. In this study, we adopted as tool protect plants from viruses. We and synthesized several dsRNAs targeting pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) genes HC-Pro NIb. When used on Nicotiana b...

RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2 are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors detecting single-stranded or double-stranded RNA in virally infected cells. The activation of RIG-I or MDA5 stimulates the secretion of type I interferons that play key roles in antiviral immune responses. The C-terminal domains (CTD) of RIG-I and LGP2 are responsible for RNA binding; however, it is not clear how MDA5 binds RNA. T...