The central Tongaat-Hulett Sugar Refinery in Rossburgh generates steam and part of its electrical power requirement from burning coal, with the balance of electricity being purchased from the Durban Corporation grid. Energy is one of the Refinery's major cost components. The efficient use of this commodity is therefore important to its financial viability. Outside consultants examined the energ...

Recently, in a previous study, we experimentally showed the existence of an optimal injected steam mass flow rate, per unit length, ϕopt, which produces maximal recovery condensate preformed chamber with elliptical cross section horizontal semi-major axis. Mutatis mutandis, this work, present experimental studies chambers: one and other circular. In both cases, also found unique values. These c...

The results of an investigation evaluating the feasibility of using optical measurements for the real-time monitoring of fluid properties in geothermal process streams is described. The measurements exploit new technologies that have been developed for the telecommunications industry and include new solid state laser devices, large-bandwidth, high-sensitivity detectors and low loss optical fibe...

Hazardous household wastes comprise a significant proportion of municipal solid waste (MSW), and therefore serve as the source of many toxic or carcinogenic organic chemicals that are released in the environment through landfill gases or leachates. In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of the steam classification process in removing hazardous semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) an...

A dynamic simulation model of a 3-layer board machine was developed. The simulation model consists of stock preparation and proportioning, short circulations, wire and press sections, and drying section including the steam and condensate systems. Physical, first principles models were used whenever possible. The control system and automatic grade change program were modelled as well. The simula...

BACKGROUND Jujube extract is commonly used as a food additive and flavoring. The unique jujube aroma and the mild sweet aroma of the extract are critical factors that determine product quality and affect consumer acceptability. The aroma changes with changes in the extraction condition, which is typically dependent on the characteristics of volatile oils in the extract. Despite their importance...

Energy efficiency in industrial field gains very much attention around the world. Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) is proposed as a solution to increase energy saving opportunities. Graphical method, numerical method and mathematical model are used to benchmark, design and optimise centralised utility system in multiple processes site. Several publications have studied multiple utility target...