Texts exhibit subtle yet identifiable modality about writers’ estimation of how true each statement is (e.g., definitely true or somewhat true). This study is an analysis of such explicit certainty and doubt markers in epistemically modalized statements for a written news discourse. The study systematically accounts for five levels of writer’s certainty (ABSOLUTE, HIGH, MODERATE, LOW CERTAINTY ...

abstractmulla-mohammad fuzuli-baghdadi (890 - 963 ah) is a poet who has a poem and prose literature works in three persians, arabic, and turkish languages. one of his works in persian prose is “safar-nāma-ye rūḥ” which is popular as “hosn o eshgh” and “sehhat o maraz”. this work is a story of entering sprit into the body, and its conjoining with temperament and its journey at body territory.bid...

When a speaker states an argument in arguing—in its core sense—for the conclusion, asserts, as opposed to merely implies or implicates, associated inference claim effect that conclusion follows from premises. In defense of this, I argue how is conveyed when stating constrained by constitutive and normative conditions for cases speech arguing conclusion. The act assertion better reflects such th...

This paper attempts to answer the previous question. We start by stating the criteria on which we based our judgement of the software applications included in our review. We then move on to give a brief description of each package, in terms of its functions, merits and demerits. We conclude by stating which of the packages was deemed, according to our opinion, the most appropriate for our purpo...