Most stars in our Galaxy with photospheric C/O > 1 (carbon stars) are not giants but dwarfs. The newly-recognized class of dwarf carbon stars joins the growing family of stars with peculiar abundances that are now recognized as products of mass-transfer binary (MTB) evolution. The dozen examples now known span a wide range of evolutionary histories, ages, and abundances. These stars can already...

The evolution of a soliton star filled with fermions is studied in the framework of general relativity. Such a system can be described by the surface tension σ, the bag constant B, and the fermion number density ρ0. Usually one of these parameters prevails in the system and thus affects the spacetime inside the soliton. Whether it is described by Friedman or de Sitter metric depends on the prev...

We study the thermal and chemical evolution during the Kelvin-Helmholtz phase of the birth of a neutron star, employing neutrino opacities that are consistently calculated with the underlying equation of state (EOS). Expressions for the diffusion coefficients appropriate for general relativistic neutrino transport in the equilibrium diffusion approximation are derived. The diffusion coefficient...

The deconfinement phase transition which happens in the interior of neutron stars are investigated. Coupled with the spin evolution of the stars, the effect of entropy production and deconfinement heat generation during the deconfinement phase transition in the mixed phase of the neutron stars are discussed. The entropy production of deconfinement phase transition can be act as a signature of p...

We consider some aspects of the evolution of massive stars which can only be elucidated by means of “indirect” observations, i.e. measurements of the effects of massive stars on their environments. We discuss in detail the early evolution of massive stars formed in high metallicity regions as inferred from studies of HII regions in external galaxies.

Using recently calculated analytic and numerical models for the thermal structure of ultramagnetized neutron stars, we estimate the effects that ultrastrong magnetic fields B ≥ 10 G have on the thermal evolution of a neutron star. Understanding this evolution is necessary to interpret models that invoke “magnetars” to account for soft γ-ray emission from some repeating sources. Subject headings...

Stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) produce dust in their circumstellar shells. The nature of the dust-forming environment is influenced by the evolution of the stars, in terms of both chemistry and density, leading to an evolution in the nature of the dust that is produced. Carbon-rich AGB stars are known to produce silicon carbide (SiC). Furthermore, observations of the ∼11μm SiC featu...

The evolution of angular momentum is a key to our understanding of star formation and stellar evolution. The rotational evolution of solar-mass stars is mostly controlled by magnetic interaction with the circumstellar disc and angular momentum loss through stellar winds. Major differences in the internal structure of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs – they are believed to be fully convectiv...

We use mid-IR (primarily 10 μm) photometry as a diagnostic for the presence of disks with inner cavities among 32 pre-main sequence stars in Orion and Taurus-Auriga for which rotation periods are known and which do not show evidence for inner disks at near-IR wavelengths. Disks with inner cavities are predicted by magnetic disk-locking models that seek to explain the regulation of angular momen...

The formation and evolution of low-mass stars within dense halos of dark matter (DM) leads to evolution scenarios quite different from the classical stellar evolution. As a result of our detailed numerical work, we describe these new scenarios for a range of DM densities on the host halo, a range of scattering cross sections of the DM particles considered, and for stellar masses from 0.7 to 3 M...