Our paper addresses firm size as a driver of systematic credit risk in loans to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Key contributions are the use of a unique data set of SME lending by over 400 German banks and relating systematic risk to the size dependence of regulatory capital requirements. What sets our sample apart is its comprehensive coverage of the particularly rich and well developed ...

Abstract Background: In this article "Student to Staff Index" was improved by implying student grades and staff academic ranks in every institute as a new "Standard S. to S. Index". Also "Utilized S. from S. Index" was introduced for controlling and ranking the private universities.  Methods: This index uses the numbers of classes a...

This paper uses insights from behavioral economics to explain a particularly surprising borrowing phenomenon: One in six undergraduate students offered interest-free loans turn them down. Models of impulse control predict that students may optimally reject subsidized loans to avoid excessive consumption during school. Using the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS), we investigate st...

Corrected authors’ contributions MN made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and drafted the manuscript. DA made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. MC made substantial contributions to the inception of the study, revision of the manuscript, and is ...

Past studies have shown that Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) can predict student performance and implement Cognitive Mastery successfully. Standard BKT individualizes parameter estimates for skills, also referred to as knowledge components (KCs), but not for students. Studies deriving individual student parameters from the data logs of student tutor performance have shown improvements to the s...