2015, Raff a et al. 2015). Given the potential interactions of insect outbreaks with other biotic and abiotic disturbances and the potentially strong impact of changing disturbance regimes on forest resources (Buma 2015), investigating the climate drivers of bark beetle outbreaks is of paramount importance. In Europe, Ips typographus is considered one of the most destructive pests of conifer fo...

This study reports a case of climate-mediated transformation and physiognomic progression the Norway spruce (Picea abies) treeline ecotone since mid-1990s in Swedish Scandes. The methods include repeat photography foliation estimates old-established clonal spruces. An air soil temperature nadir by 1980s had caused extensive needle shoot mortality, evident at landscape-scale. Subsequent winter s...

We investigated the material properties of Cremonese soundboards using a wide range spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical techniques. found similar types spruce in as modern instruments, but spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions oxidation patterns that suggest artificial manipulation. Combining analytical data historical information, we may deduce minerals being added their potent...