background: chromomycin a3 (cma3) staining has been used to assess protamine deficiency. the aim of this study was to determine credibility of cma3 along with semen parameters for assessment of fertility potential. materials and methods: semen analysis and cma3 staining were carried out on 234 fertile and 178 subfertile individuals. semen analysis was assessed according to who criteria. protami...

Background Sperm preparation before assisted reproductive techniques is very important for obtaining successful fertilization and pregnancy. During ICSI technique, sperms are selected based on viability and morphology. But this selection did not guarantee integrity of sperm DNA. Therefore, novel sperm selection procedures are introduced for selection of sperm with low DNA damage. One of these p...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sperm DNA damage and protamine deficiency on fertilization and embryo development post-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and also to assess the effect of protamine deficiency on DNA damage. Semen samples were collected from 28 patients participating in the ICSI programme. Following sperm preparation and ICSI, the remaining processed sem...

BACKGROUND Sperm heterogeneity in the human, as observed in oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia (OAT), is associated with hypospermatogenesis. METHODS The chromatin of sperm from OAT and normospermic males was characterized with antibodies specific for nucleosomes, the histone H3.1/H3.2 isoform, histone TH2B, apoptosis-associated H4 acetylation (KM-2) and protamines. Subsequently, sperm samples were...

background: isolating sperms with normal chromatin content is considered vital in intra cytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. today, researchers are trying to find new procedures to select sperms with normal chromatin content and morphology. this study examines the effectiveness of zeta, density gradient centrifugation (pure sperm) and combination of pure- zeta procedures in selecting sperms w...

Protamines are arginine-rich DNA-binding proteins that replace histones in elongating spermatids. This leads to hypercondensation of chromatin and ensures physiological sperm morphology, thereby protecting DNA integrity. In mice and humans, two protamines, protamine-1 (Prm1) and protamine-2 (Prm2) are expressed in a species-specific ratio. In humans, alterations of this PRM1/PRM2 ratio is assoc...

The histones H2B, H3 and H4, the transition protein TP1 and protamine were localised using ultrastructural immunocytochemistry in nuclei of rabbit spermatids and spermatozoa. Histones are present in round spermatid nuclei and are lost during the elongation of nuclei. TP1 and protamine appear simultaneously in all nuclei during this period. TP1 is located at the periphery of chromatin cords, whi...

background: heat shock protein a2 (hspa2) is correlated with sperm maturity and function. therefore, dysfunctional expression of this gene results in abnormal spermatogenesis. on the other hand, dna damage in spermatozoa is considered to be an important cause of male infertility, and the presence of sperm with dna fragmentation and chromatin abnormalities in human ejaculates is well documented,...