the purpose of this study was to examine various factors influencing spectators' attendance in professional soccer games in tehran. this research was a descriptive survey. the questionnaire used in this study was developed by green (1995), hansen and gauthier (1989), kaskey (1999), schofield (1983) and zhang et al. (1995) in order to examine factors affecting spectators' attendance in...

the purpose of this study was to show types and extent of offensive behaviors at soccer stadiums and to test the relationship between personal factors, spectators, verbal behavior of stadium executives and staff, sport media biases, modeling from famous team spectators, refereeing the matches, and win-oriented spectators with offensive behavior of the spectators. a total of 727 researcher-made ...

Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, including accidents, vandalism and violence, at sporting events are of increased concern in Sweden and other countries. The relationship between alcohol use and violence has been established and can be explained by the level of intoxication. Given the occurrence of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems at sporting events, research has assessed intoxi...

In this paper, we proposed a classification method of spectators’ state in video sequences by voting of facial expressions and face directions. The task of this paper is to classify the state of the spectators in a given video sequence into “Positive Scene” or “Negative Scene”, and “Watching Seriously” or “Not Watching Seriously”. The proposed classifier is designed by a “bag-of-visual-words” a...

We present observations from two separate studies of spectators’ perceptions of musical performances, one involving two acoustic instruments, the other two electronic instruments. Both studies followed the same qualitative method, using structured interviews to ascertain and compare spectators’ experiences. In this paper, we focus on outcomes pertaining to perceptions of the performers’ skill, ...

Music is an integral part of dance. Over the last 10 years, however, dance stimuli (without music) have been repeatedly used to study action observation processes, increasing our understanding of the influence of observer's physical abilities on action perception. Moreover, beyond trained skills and empathy traits, very little has been investigated on how other observer or spectators' propertie...

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Roma ile özdeşleşmiş başlıca sportif etkinlikler olan atlı araba yarışları ve gladyatör dövüşlerinin köken, gelişim değişim safhalarının irdelenmesidir. Uygarlığı’nın ilk en uzun ömürlü etkinliği Etrüsk Yunan’dan beslenen yarışlarıdır. Savaşlardaki askeri başarısızlıklardan kurtulma, şehri hastalıklardan arındırma gibi farklı gerekçelerin kült inançlarla bağdaştırılması, ad...