We studied species coexistence in a protist community consisting of a bacterial resource, five protist consumers, and an intraguild predator, Blepharisma americanum. Spatial heterogeneity was manipulated by constructing spatial arrays of interlinked bottles. In the heterogeneous treatment species were permitted to disperse naturally between bottles whereas in the homogenous treatment half the w...

During an earthquake, the motion of the ground spatially changes, in both amplitude and phase. The spatial variation of seismic ground motions has an important effect on the response of large structures such as bridges and dams. To be able to simulate seismic ground motions which vary in space, a representing spatial variability model is required. Data collected from closely spaced arrays of se...

groundwater aquifers are an important source of water supply for agriculture, industry and drinking. the present study investigates the changes in the quality of groundwater using geostatistical methods in the ravar plain during a 10-year period. in this study, after selecting the appropriate spatial interpolation method to draw water quality parameters such as tds, sar and ec, zoning maps of r...

The degree to which soil resource availability is linked to patterns of microbial activity and plant productivity within ecosystems has important consequences for our understanding of how ecosystems are structured and for the management of systems for agricultural production. We studied this linkage in a 48-ha site in southwest Michigan, USA, that had been cultivated and planted to row crops fo...

We present high resolution measurements of ammonia (NH3) and particle-ammonium (NH4 ) collected during the Pacific 2001 experiment at an urban, sub-urban and high elevation site. These data are used to conduct a detailed instrument inter-comparison and to characterize the sites. The data are interpreted with respect to; the degree to which the sites are representative, the degree of sensitivity...

Several studies have shown that vineyards are spatially variable at within field scale. Characterizing this variability could be used to improve grape and wine production, by adapting management practices and harvesting to the vineyard variability. The goal of this work is to calibrate a spatial model by coupling high quality, high cost punctual vine measurements with low cost medium-high densi...

[1] The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the primary mode of large-scale intraseasonal variability in the tropics. Recent work has connected the MJO to atmospheric variability in mid-latitudes. We focus on relationships between the MJO and wintertime surface air temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. The MJO is diagnosed using principal EOF of 850 hPa zonal winds from the NCE...

Heterogeneous connectivity is omnipresent in spatially distributed biological systems. This property allows to introduce an information processing hierarchy in a spatially continuous system by means of organizing its spatiotemporal dynamics. The brain with its intricate and detailed connectivity is a beautiful example. In particular, it is understood that neuronal spike firings of action potent...

Pattern formation in development is a complex process which involves spatially distributed signals called morphogens that influence gene expression and thus the phenotypic identity of cells. Usually different cell types are spatially segregated, and the boundary between them may be determined by a threshold value of some state variable. The question arises as to how sensitive the location of su...