In paraxial optics, the spatial and angular localization of a beam are usually characterized through second moments in intensity. For these measures, Gaussian beams have the property of achieving a minimum angular spread for a given spatial spread (or beam waist). For wide-angle fields, however, the standard measures of spatial and angular localization become inappropriate, and new definitions ...

SUMMARY SPREAD is a user-friendly, cross-platform application to analyze and visualize Bayesian phylogeographic reconstructions incorporating spatial-temporal diffusion. The software maps phylogenies annotated with both discrete and continuous spatial information and can export high-dimensional posterior summaries to keyhole markup language (KML) for animation of the spatial diffusion through t...

We applied correlogram analysis to county-level AIDS data of four regionsthe Northeast (Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania), California, Florida, and Louisiana-for the period 1982-1990 to characterize the spatial-temporal spread of the AIDS epidemic. Correlograms computed from yearly incidence rates differ substantially among these four regions,...

The reported data on human rabies in Mainland China in the past 10 years demonstrate that the number of counties with human rabies cases has increased dramatically and the disease has spread from southern provinces to northern provinces. The aim of this paper is to study how the movement of dogs impacts the spatial spread of rabies and to find effective strategies for controlling rabies. We fir...

Rabies disease remains enzootic among raccoons, skunks, foxes and bats in the United States. It is of primary concern for public-health agencies to control spatial spread of rabies in wildlife and its potential spillover infection of domestic animals and humans. Rabies is invariably fatal in wildlife if untreated, with a non-negligible incubation period. Understanding how this latency affects s...

The paper presents low cost spatial image watermarking scheme where inherent anti jamming and interference rejection property of spread spectrum modulation is utilized to provide robustness against image distortions and malicious attempts to remove or tamper with the watermark. The use of error correction code allows a trade-off between degree of robustness and embedding rate for a given attack...