Over the past decade, the number of studies that investigate aerosol–cloud interactions has increased considerably. Although tremendous progress has been made to improve the understanding of basic physical mechanisms of aerosol–cloud interactions and reduce their uncertainties in climate forcing, there is still poor understanding of 1) some of the mechanisms that interact with each other over m...

The concept of endemism is useful in changes, scaling of endemism also changes, producing a different picture of endemism for each spatial scale. quantifying the biological uniqueness of an area, and has been used by many authors as a meaningful Moreover, the areal definition assumes equal levels of heterogeneity in different landscapes (clearly a alternative to simple species richness. The tra...

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between the spatial distribution of economic activity and transportation costs. We develop a multi-region model of economic geography that we use to understand the general equilibrium implications of transportation infrastructure improvements within and between locations for wages, population, trade and industry com...

In hydrological and soil erosion modelling at large spatial scales, semi-distributed approaches may use representative hillslope profiles to reproduce landscape variability. Until now, the process of delineating landscape units as homogeneous parts of the landscape with regard to their terrain, vegetation, and soil properties required expert knowledge and familiarity with the study area. In add...

This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between the spatial distribution of economic activity and transportation costs. We develop a multi-region model of economic geography that we use to understand the general equilibrium implications of transportation infrastructure improvements within and between locations for wages, population, trade and industry com...

development of remote sensing (rs) and gis techniques and that of landscape metrics in the late 1980s have caused to introduce a new dimension in the landscape ecology arena (the relationship between spatial patterns and ecological processes). however, scale dependence of some of landscape metrics and rs systems of different spatial resolution has resulted in particular attention into selection...

various human pressures are affecting the aquatic biocoenosis in running waters of iran - similar to many other areas of the world. overall 190 sites, 88 at salmonid (44 reference/impacted respectively) and 102 at cyprinid (50 reference/52 impacted) streams of the southern caspian sea basin were investigated in terms of human pressures present and the related impact on fish assemblages. in tota...

The literature on the measurement of regional convergence at different spatial scales and over different time periods is extensive. This study explores the potential role of variations in European regional technical efficiency as a contributing factor in providing explanation for convergence or divergence. To control for spatial dependence among regions, the paper uses a spatial stochastic fron...

4.1 Overview Species extinction risk can be evaluated by considering two separate, but related, types of information: (1) information about the dynamics and distribution of the species itself, and (2) information about threats confronting the species, including their intensity, trends and responses of the species to them (Crawford and Rumsey, 2009). This chapter evaluates information associated...

The firing pattern of entorhinal ‘grid cells’ is thought to provide an intrinsic metric for space. We report a strong experiencedependent environmental influence: the spatial scales of the grids (which are aligned and have fixed relative sizes within each animal) vary parametrically with changes to a familiar environment’s size and shape. Thus grid scale reflects an interaction between intrinsi...