We analysed 2166 songs of 90 males of the tree pipit (Anthus trivialis; Passeriformes: Motacillidae) from five Czech localities to evaluate variation in song characteristics, the song structure and syntax rules, and differences between songs performed in flight and from perches. We measured temporal and spectral song characteristics; structure analysis was based on the identification of individ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the content analysis of recent Persian songs (2013-2014) according to emotions of anxiety, depression, anger, fear and happiness. The research method was content analysis type. The sample consisted of 50 Persian songs from 2013 to 2014 which they were selected by simple sampling. To analysis of data, massages were categorized in emotions of anxiety, ...

OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive content analysis of substance use in contemporary popular music. DESIGN We analyzed the 279 most popular songs of 2005 according to Billboard magazine. Two coders working independently used a standardized data collection instrument to code portrayals of substance use. OUTCOME MEASURES Presence and explicit use of substances and motivations for, associati...

Many species of songbirds produce songs of unusually low amplitude during aggressive encounters (Dabelsteen et al. 1998); such low amplitude songs have been variously termed ‘soft songs’ (Nice 1943), ‘strangled songs’ (Snow 1958), and ‘quiet songs’ (Dabelsteen et al. 1998). In some species, soft songs are produced in courtship as well as in aggression, but in our study species, the song sparrow...

Male song sparrows,Melospiza melodia, sing highly variable songs. Traditionally, researchers have partitioned this variability by assigning songs to discrete categories termed ‘song types’, but researchers also have recognized that songs classified as the same song type are themselves variable. Territorial playbacks were used in a habituation/recovery design to investigate whether songs sparrow...

Choice of a particular mate phenotype may arise out of experience with the very phenotypes under consideration. Female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) prefer males that sing predominantly long-bout songs over males that sing predominantly short-bout songs, and thus, song-bout length is a phenotypic parameter instrumental in releasing the female's mate choice. The preferred long-bout songs...

Animals use acoustic signals to defend resources against rivals and attract breeding partners. As with many biological traits, acoustic signals may reflect ancestry; closely related species often produce more similar signals than do distantly related species. Whether this similarity in acoustic signals is biologically relevant to animals is poorly understood. We conducted a playback experiment ...

A new attitude scale to measure the strength of motivation to find meaning in life is herein developed to complement the Purpose in Life Test (PIL), which measures the degree to which meaning has been found. Both instruments were designed from the orientation of Frankl's logotherapy, which holds the "will to meaning" to be the strongest human motivation. Ss were: Group 1 "abnormal," 128 logothe...

We use results from the 2011 MIREX “Audio Music Similarity and Retrieval” task for a meta analysis of the hub phenomenon. Hub songs appear similar to an undesirably high number of other songs due to a problem of measuring distances in high dimensional spaces. Comparing 17 algorithms we are able to confirm that different algorithms produce very different degrees of hubness. We also show that hub...