Myelinated pulmonary afferents are classified as rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) or slowly adapting receptors (SARs) by their adaptation rate. Behavior of SARs varies greatly, and therefore the present study tries to further categorize SARs according to their mechanical properties. Single-fiber activity of 104 SARs was examined in anesthetized, open-chest, artificially ventilated rabbits. Acc...

The consensus among inflation watchers is that biases in official price indexes like the consumer price index overstate true inflation. We identify a new source of bias that works in the other direction. In particular, we use a simple dynamic model for durable goods—one type of good typically purchased intermittently—to derive equivalent variations and a true COL index. We show that, all else h...

This paper considers the use of ANN methodology for parameters estimation of the autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) processes. The paper provides heuristic approach of ARCH processes modelling. This approach is often employed to estimate the values of financial variables as rates of return, exchange rates, means and variances of inflation, stock market returns and price indexes a...

Why is this topic of house price indexes important? The Global Financial Crisis has several causes but a main cause was a housing bubble in the U.S. which led banks to make mortgage loans that were based on the assumption that house prices were not rising unusually quickly. If accurate regional house price indexes for the U.S. would have been widely available to the public, it is unlikely that ...

Between 1999 and 2006, there were two episodes during which inflation in the Rent index in the CPI diverged markedly from inflation in the index for Owner’s Equivalent Rent (OER); early in 2007, these series began to diverge again. Such divergence often prompts many to question CPI methods. A key difference between these two series is that OER indexes are based upon rents which have received a ...

this paper reviews the relationship between inflation rate and minimum wage in iran’s economy over the 1969-2005. according to the economic literature, there is a narrow relationship between inflation rate and minimum wage. some economists believe in increased inflation due to minimum wage. the other group of economists considers the increased inflation as a cause for increasing minimum wage. t...

Protecting against unexpected yield curve, inflation, and longevity shifts are some of the most critical issues institutional private investors must solve when managing post-retirement income benefits. This paper empirically investigates performance alternative immunization strategies for funding targeted multiple liabilities that fixed in timing but random size (inflation-linked), i.e., change...

Nowadays inflation is a widely accepted element of the early cosmology [1]. It gives the possibility of solving many of the shortcomings of the standard hot big bang model and provides the source for the early energy density fluctuations responsible of the large scale structure of the universe observed today. Although there are many models of inflation, the underlying physical ideas are well es...

This paper examines the effects of inflation on the efficiency of the price system, output and welfare, through a model of monopolistic competition with consumer search and (S,s) price setting. Its results have relevance for both search theory and macroeconomics. In particular, it provides a foundation for the conventional wisdom linking higher inflation, through increased price dispersion, to ...