BACKGROUND Pretreatment is necessary to reduce biomass recalcitrance and enhance the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification for biofuel production. Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment has gained a significant interest as a pretreatment process that can reduce cellulose crystallinity and remove lignin, key factors that govern enzyme accessibility. There are several challenges that need to be addres...

Like all relays, the SSR requires relatively low controlcircuit energy to switch the output state from OFF to ON, or vice versa. Since this control energy is very much lower than the output power controllable by the relay at full load, “power gain” in an SSR is substantial--frequently much higher than in an electromagnetic relay of comparable output rating. To put it another way, the sensitivit...

The osmotic dehydration causes water removing from food and also a soluble solid uptake into thefoodstuffs. However, large penetration of solute into the food becomes a major problem in osmoticdehydration.Pre-coating the food to be dehydrated with an artificial, edible barrier was also explored as a wayto efficiently hinder solute penetration. In this study the effect of edible coating (CMC),co...

Aloe vera gel is widely used as a functional ingredient in food processing. This gel is very unstable due to its high water activity. Drying process can be used to obtain shelf stable products. Response surface methodology was used to assess the effects of solution concentration (30-60% w/w), solution temperature (30-50°C) and immersion time (4-6h) at atmospheric pressure and constant solution ...

Osmotic dehydration is a process in which partial water is removed by immersion of water containing cellular solid in a concentrated aqueous solution of high osmotic media for a specified time and temperature. It has potential advantages of less heat damage, good blanching effect, less enzymatic browning, better retention of flavour and energy saving because no phase change occurs. Osmotic dehy...

Reactions at the water/solid interface are central to development of sustainable processes, from biomass upgrading photo- and electrocatalysis. To gain atomistic insight into these reactions, modeling approaches have been constantly improved over past decade. Polarisable continuum models considerably description charge separation enabled a proper inclusion surface polarization in electrochemist...

Super hemispherical solid immersion lens system becomes a matter of interest due to its high numerical aperture (NA) gain. However, because of the instability of the aplanatic condition, even small amount of alignment error can easily lower the optical performance. To overcome the instability while maintaining high NA gain, we suggest an optimum solid immersion lens (opti-SIL) system which comb...

in this research, aluminizing packs containing naf and nh4cl activators were used for aluminizing of pure titanium samples at 1100 ºc. the results showed that the layers of tial3, tial2, γ-tial, α2-ti3al, and α-solid solution are formed on titanium samples in both cases. however, the weight gain and the thickness of tial3 layer in treated samples with nh4cl activator are greater than those when...