Sodium and water are the main determinants of body volume status BP. Because sodium excreted by kidneys, maintenance homeostasis is particularly challenging in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Various interventions have been proposed to avoid fluid accumulation HD patients, including restriction dietary intake, ultrafiltration reach dry weight, increased plasma dialysate concentration ([Na+]D) gradi...

Calcium added to the solution bathing the outside of isolated frog skin caused a reversible decrease in net sodium transport across the skin. At constant sodium concentration, the inhibition of transport increased with increasing calcium concentration, but approached a limiting value. This maximum degree of inhibition was found to depend on sodium concentration; sodium transport could be inhibi...

Low dialysate sodium concentrations have been associated with intradialytic symptoms such as muscle cramps and hypotensive episodes. High dialysate sodium concentrations lead to sodium loading, thirst and subsequent increase in interdialytic weight gain and hypertension. The optimal dialysate sodium concentration for an individual depends on the serum sodium concentration. The difference betwee...

Low dialysate sodium concentrations have been associated with intradialytic symptoms such as muscle cramps and hypotensive episodes. High dialysate sodium concentrations lead to sodium loading, thirst and subsequent increase in interdialytic weight gain and hypertension. The optimal dialysate sodium concentration for an individual depends on the serum sodium concentration. The difference betwee...

The values of membrane action potentials and maximum depolarization rates of single muscle fibers in normal Tyrode solution and in low sodium solutions containing as little as 20 per cent of the sodium chloride were measured with intracellular microelectrodes. Under these conditions the membrane potential remains unchanged up to 36 per cent of [Na(+)](out) concentration, whereas the overshoot o...

In haemodialysis, sodium and fluid balance (where intake matches loss) is achieved by ultrafiltration diffusion between the plasma water dialysate. If a patient’s does not change, any reduction in gain obtained lowering dialysate concentration will result less removal ultrafiltration. The corresponding change to achieve may mean benefit of lower offset morbidity caused fall serum during dialysi...

The current interpretation of the controversial and dynamic nature literature reports in this area leads me to lean towards preference a standard DNa+ upper range (138 mEq/L) international utilization clinical directors Brazil. My opinion individualize (plus minus 2 mmol/L prescription) would be based on clinically relevant signals excessive interdialytic weight gain uncontrolled hypertension (...