The "sleeper effect" has been defined as a delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a communication from a source low in credibility. This effect failed to appear in the present series of seven replications (total N = 656) of a sleeper effect experiment. However, the effectiveness of communications attributed to a source high in credibility did significantly decrease with passage of time wh...

—We collected and compiled length and weight information from four countries and one commonwealth to develop standard weight (W s ) equations for three amphidromous fish species native to the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico regions: mountain mullet Agonostomus monticola (N 1⁄4 9,768 individuals, 52 populations), river goby Awaous banana (N 1⁄4 1,847 individuals, 62 populations), and bigmouth sleep...

Over the past few decades, the use of concrete sleepers in North America has increased as a highperformance alternative to timber sleepers, especially in heavy-haul freight corridors. In order to accommodate heavier axle-loads and prevent center cracking, railroads and suppliers have consistently increased the center bending moment threshold that a sleeper must withstand, leading to stiffer ele...

Objectives: Various stretching techniques have been proposed to prevent or improve Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) and Posterior Shoulder Tightness (PST). Common stretching techniques include modified sleeper stretch and cross-body stretch. The current evidence is unclear which stretching technique is more effective. This study aimed to examine immediate effects of modified sleepe...

lateral resistance of railway track is one of the most important parameters in lateral stability. this parameterdepends!on the conditions of different components of ballasted railway track (such as density of ballast layer,sleeper spacing, type of sleeper, etc.). from this perspective, type of sleeper has an important effect on lateralresistance. however in some conditions, in technical and eco...

Prenatal drug exposure is a common public health concern that can result in perinatal complications, birth defects, and developmental disorders. The growing literature regarding the effects of prenatal exposure to specific drugs such as tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin is often conflicting and constantly changing. This review discusses several reasons why the effects of prenatal drug expos...

Abstract: Changes in the U.S. hours of service policy in January 2004 argue for an assessment of the safety implications of the new policy. Time-dependent logistic regression and case-control sampling are applied to derive a sample of 231 crashes and 462 non-crashes during 2004 for three national-scale trucking companies. The analysis focuses on changes in crash risk associated with driving up ...