The classic TS phenotype includes short stature, gonadal dysgenesis with primary amenorrhea and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, facial and body dysmorphisms, skeletal abnormalities, cardiovascular and renal malformations, and predisposition to autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid diseases, diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, and vitiligo.21 Short stature is always present and is caused by severa...

The increasing attention of archaeological and anthropological research towards palaeopathological studies has allowed to focus the examination of many skeletal samples on this aspect and to evaluate the presence of many diseases afflicting ancient populations. This paper describes the most interesting diseases observed in skeletal samples from five necropolises found in urban and suburban area...

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is a signal transduction pathway that functions in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological cellular events including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, inflammation, metabolic disorders and diseases. In skeletal muscle, it plays an essential role in muscle fiber specialization, muscle mass maintenance, damage i...