Ashwani Malhotra, Rebecca Begley, Barinder P. S. Kang, Irmindra Rana, Jing Liu, Guiping Yang, Daria Mochly-Rosen, and Leonard G. Meggs Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; and Department of Molecul...

Tu et al present an analysis of the equivalence of three paradoxes, namely, Simpson's, Lord's, and the suppression phenomena. They conclude that all three simply reiterate the occurrence of a change in the association of any two variables when a third variable is statistically controlled for. This is not surprising because reversal or change in magnitude is common in conditional analysis. At th...

Carlos Simpson [email protected] CNRS, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonne Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Abstract: We give a brief discussion of some of the issues which have arisen in the course of formalizing some classical set-theoretical mathematics in the Coq system. This sprouts from, expands and replaces a chapter of math.HO/0311260 which will be removed in revision, and also contains as...

This paper compares the allocative properties of markets and exams in an environment in which students di¤er in wealth and ability and schools di¤er in quality. In the presence of borrowing constraints, exams are shown to dominate markets in terms of matching e¢ ciency. Whether aggregate consumption is greater under exams than under markets depends on the power of the exam technology; for a su¢...

Simpson's Paradox occurs when an observed association is spurious – reversed after taking into account a confounding factor. At best, Simpson's Paradox is used to argue that association is not causation. At worst, Simpson's Paradox is used to argue that induction is impossible in observational studies (that all arguments from association to causation are equally suspect) since any association c...

In accident reconstruction, individual road accidents are treated as essentially deterministic events, although incomplete information can leave one uncertain about how exactly an accident happened. In statistical studies, on the other hand, accidents are treated as individually random, although the parameters governing their probability distributions may be modeled deterministically. Selection...