objective: different signaling pathways have been identified that are involved in the cellular response to opiates. the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways underlying the neuronal response to opiates. micrornas (mirnas) are considered to be post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with paramount significance, which plays key roles i...

background: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt signaling pathway is recognized as a key driver of cancer cell survival and proliferation, and is often contingent upon an impairment of expression/function of the pten tumor suppressor, a negative regulator of this pathway. in addition, the cytoskeletal signaling protein tensin 2 has also been implicated as a negative regulator of this pathway....

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process that certain types of synaptic stimulation lead to a long-lasting enhancement in the strength of synaptic transmission. Studies in recent years indicate the importance of molecular pathways in the development of memory and learning. Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) is a member of the neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase family, that its ligand is b...

Background: The developmental competency of embryos is affected by several factors, including the developmental pathways and their elements. In mammalian species including goat, fertilized oocyte undergoes several divisions to form a structure called blastocyst. These events depend on the successful control of temporal and spatial expression of genes involved in genome activation. One of the cr...

objective: infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 induces viral latency in neuron trigeminal ganglions. the late associated transcript (lat) is uniquely expressed in infected neural cells, however no coding protein associated with these transcripts has been identified in infected cells. it has been shown that six micrornas transcribed from lat have the capabilities to affect the cell signal...

introduction: different mechanisms are involved in stress induced analgesia (sia) and hyperalgesia (sih). repeated stress induces development of tolerance to sia. the role of hpa axis and gs signaling pathway in these effects are investigated in the current study. methods: forced swim stress (5 min/day) in water (20±1 ºc) was employed to adult male wistar rats (200-250 g). the nociceptive thres...

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a biological process of learning and memory after a high-frequency train of electrical stimulations. By binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrKB) receptors in postsynaptic neurons, tyrosine kinase Fyn is bound to these receptors and hereby plays a mediating role to binding and activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic aci...