When diagnosed with prostate cancer, a patient has a difficult decision to make. There are several different treatment alternatives available, with varying cure rates and probabilities of side effects over a period of many years. This paper describes a wellinformed, objective, and personalized model for comparing treatments and helping a patient make the best possible decision.

a 39-year-old iranian female patient who was a known case of primary cervical dystonia since 10 years ago presented to a private office for dysport injection. the patients experienced severe dysphagia after inferior alveolar nerve block which was preceded by cervical botolinum toxin injection. a possible synergistic effect of botolinum toxin and lidocaine to produce severe dysphagia is presente...

objective : priapism is defined by persistent, painful penile erection which occurs without sexual stimulation. methadone is used as an analgesic and is also used in detoxification and maintenance protocol for opioid dependence treatment. here we will report a case of a male with priapism after rapid discontinuation doses of methadone. case presentation : the case was a young married male who r...

objective 1-3% of the population suffer from epilepsy. up to 30% of them develop refractory epilepsy and their seizures occur more than once per month despite receiving at least 2 first line antiepileptic drugs. in  this group, more efficacious antiepileptics are needed. this study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine as an adjunction therapy in children with refr...

A side effect is a foreseen but not intended consequence of some intended action. Joshua Knobe has discovered that most people judge that a good side effect is not brought about intentionally, but a bad side effect is brought about intentionally. These responses are meant to indicate something about the folk concept of intentional action— namely, that goodness and badness play a role in people'...

It seems intuitive to attribute intentionality to goal-directed actions. Sometimes, though, goal-directed actions yield side effects that actors could foresee but did not necessarily intend. Previous research suggests that people make opposing attributions to negative and positive side effects: they attribute intentionality to negative side effects but not to positive side effects. Those resear...

An eleven-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the growth effect of partial replacement of fishmeal by the microalga Spirulina platensis in the diet of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). The results clearly indicate that Spirulina platensis constitutes an effective food ingredient for shrimp. Growth rates of a Spirulina-fed group differed highly significantly (p...