Abstract Introduction: Mobile phones create high-frequency electromagnetic fields around them when in use. The close proximity of mobile phones to the user’s head leads to the absorption of part of the electromagnetic waves into the head and the brain. Methods: We have elucidated the alteration in cognitive function of the male and female offspring rats, which were exposed to chronic mobi...

Recent evidence has revealed the impact of exercise in alleviating anxiety and mood disorders; however, the exercise protocol that exerts such benefit is far from known. The current study was aimed to assess the effects of long-term moderate exercise on behavioural coping strategies (active vs. passive) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal response in rats. Sprague-Dawley male and female rats wer...

BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced lesion of substantia nigra (SN), which is a very well known animal model of Parkinson's disease, resulted in memory deficits and increased brain oxidative stress. Also, recent reports had suggested that nicotine from smoke may contribute, at least in some parts, to the apparent neuroprotective effect of tobacco use ...

The genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rat stock has been characterized by its response to anxietyand fear-inducing situations, thus leading to the conclusion that they are a rather anxious and passive coping type of rats. Taking advantage of these profiles, and knowing that they show very poor performance in the two-way active (shuttle box) escape/avoidance task, we have tested NIH-HS rats (n = ...

Introduction:The hippocampus is one for the major centers of learning and memory. Role of the opioid system has been investigated and on the other hand receptors related to this system such as mu-opioid receptors (MOR) are extended in the hippocampus. In this study the effect of Naloxone administration as a mu opioid receptor antagonist on passive avoidance memory in adult male rats was i...

Characteristics of the acquisition processes of discrete lever-press and shuttle avoidance responses (intertrial interval = 25 sec, warning duration = 5 sec with an escape contingency, and 1 session = 1 hr training/day) as well as those of the ambulatory activity were investigated in 6 strains of mice (dd, ICR, BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/He and DBA/2). In the lever-press avoidance situation, the dd, ...

The effects of electrical stimulation and electrolytic lesions of the posterior part of the hippocampus on acquisition of the active avoidance response (AAR) in shuttle-box were studied in 35 cats. Both weak or strong hippocampal stimulation applied simultaneously with conditioned stimulus (CS) facilitated the acquisition of AAR. After discontinuation of stimulation the level of AAR performance...