Mechanisms underlying the circadian rhythmicity in intestinal sugar absorption remain unclear. To test whether this rhythmicity is caused by changes in Na(+)-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) function, we measured phloridzin-inhibitable sugar fluxes as an index of SGLT-1 activity. Jejunum obtained from rats killed at 6-h intervals during a 12-h light-dark cycle (CT0 is circadian time 0 h, time o...

Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2), which is found almost exclusively in the proximal tubules of nephrotic components in the kidneys. SGLT-2 accounts for about 90% of glucose reabsorption into the blood. Blocking SGLT-2 reduces blood glucose by blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidney and thereby excreting glucose (i.e., blood sugar) via the urine. S...

Glucose enters eukaryotic cells via two types of membrane-associated carrier proteins, the Na(+)/glucose cotransporters (SGLT) and the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT). The SGLT family consists of six members. Among them, the SGLT1 and SGLT2 proteins, encoded by the solute carrier genes SLC5A1 and SLC5A2, respectively, are believed to be the most important ones and have been extensively...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have emerged as a promising drug class for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Developed originally as glucose-lowering drugs by enhancing urinary glucose excretion, these drugs also lower many other renal and cardiovascular risk factors such as body weight, blood pressure, albuminuria, and uric acid. Results from the E...

We generalize the classical notion of majorization in Rn to a majorization order for functions defined on a partially ordered set P . In this generalization we use inequalities for partial sums associated with ideals in P . Basic properties are established, including connections to classical majorization. Moreover, we investigate transfers (given by doubly stochastic matrices), complexity issue...

Excessive apoptosis induced by enteric microbes leads to epithelial barrier defects. This mechanism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and bacterial enteritis. The sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT-1) is responsible for active glucose uptake in enterocytes. The aim was to investigate the effects of SGLT-1 glucose uptake on enterocyte apoptosi...

We introduce a partial order, variance majorization, on R, which is analogous to the majorization order. A new class of monotonicity inequalities, based on variance majorization and analogous to Schur convexity, is developed.

Given an approximate invariant subspace we discuss the effectiveness of majorization bounds for assessing the accuracy of the resulting Rayleigh-Ritz approximations to eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices. We derive a slightly stronger result than previously for the approximation of k extreme eigenvalues, and examine some advantages of these majorization bounds compared with classical bounds. From...

We study the Majorization arrow in a big class of quantum adiabatic algorithms. In a quantum adiabatic algorithm, the ground state of the Hamiltonian is a guide state around which the actual state evolves. We prove that for any algorithm of this class, step-by-step majorization of the guide state holds perfectly. We also show that step-by-step majorization of the actual state appears if the run...

Most of the statistical estimation procedures are based on a quite simple principle: find the distribution that, within a certain class, is as similar as possible to the empirical distribution, obtained from the sample observations. This leads to the minimization of some statistical functionals, usually interpreted ad measures of distance or divergence between distributions. In this paper we st...