Logic is not just about single-agent notions like reasoning, or zero-agent notions like truth, but also about communication between two or more people. What we tell and ask each other can be just as logical as what we infer in Olympic solitude. We show how communication and other interactive phenomena can be studied systematically by merging epistemic and dynamic logic, leading to new types of ...

Complex social behavior builds on the mutual judgment of individuals as cooperation partners and competitors [1]. Play can be used for assessing the others' dispositions in humans and nonhuman mammals [2], whereas little is known about birds. Recently, food-caching corvids have been found to rival primates in their ability to judge the behaviors and intentions of others in competition for hidde...

15-day increase in hospital length of stay (LOS), a financial impact of $4 billion to $16 billion annually, and a 19% increase in 6-month mortality. Delirium is common across all patient settings; the prevalence, however, varies according to acuity of illness. Delirium develops in general medicine patients at rates ranging from 11% to 42%. The highest prevalence of delirium, as high as 87%, occ...

This study demonstrated an e-learning system, MyEVA, based on a mixed-modality vocabulary strategy in assisting learners of English as a second language (L2 learners) to improve their vocabulary. To explore the learning effectiveness of MyEVA, the study compared four vocabulary-learning techniques, MyEVA in preference mode, MyEVA in basic mode, an Internet dictionary, and a traditional paper-ba...

Male sex workers (MSWs) and sex trades are not new in Bangladesh. Current HIV interventions for MSWs need to be expanded in the major cities, but the number of MSWs needs to be scientifically estimated. Although two-sample capture-recapture surveys are suitable for closed populations, this method was here applied to indirectly estimate the number of mobile MSWs in a conservative social setting,...

Informed consent is increasingly heralded as an ethical panacea, a tool to counter autocratic and paternalistic medical practices. Debate about the implementation of informed consent is constricted and polarised, centring on the right of individuals to be fully informed and to freely choose versus an autocratic, paternalistic practice that negates individual choice. A bioethical framework, base...

This article develops a method to estimate the impact of change in a particular social setting, the residential neighborhood, that is designed to address nonrandom selection into a neighborhood and nonrandom selection out of a neighborhood. Utilizing matching to confront selection into neighborhood environments and instrumental variables to confront selection out of changing neighborhoods, the ...

ackground: When individual judgment conflicts with a group, the individual will often conform his judgment to that of the group. onformity might arise at an executive level of decision making, or it might arise because the social setting alters the individual’s erception of the world. ethods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task of mental rotation in the context of peer pres...

OBJECTIVES To study sensor monitoring (use of a sensor network placed in the home environment to observe individuals' daily functioning (activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living)) as a method to measure and support daily functioning for older people living independently at home. DESIGN Systematic review. SETTING Participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwe...

Disease control efforts directed at human immunodeficiency virus are predicated on the need to reduce personal risk behaviors; that approach may not adequately reflect the complicated interplay between personal behaviors and the social setting in which they occur. Efforts to date, including the application of population ecology, the development of the core group hypothesis, and the use of compa...