Although it is well known that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines provide cross-protection against some vaccine-related serotypes, these mechanisms are still unclear. This study was performed to investigate the role of cross-protective IgM antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A induced in children aged 12-23 months after immunization with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vacci...

OBJECTIVE The introduction of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) has raised concerns for replacement with nonvaccine serotypes in both invasive disease and asymptomatic carriage. Analysis of colonizing serotypes among healthy children in the community provides critical data on such changes. METHODS Nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from children who were younger than 7 yea...

Salmonella enterica is considered as one of the major pathogens in public health, worldwide. Diseases caused by Salmonella enterica serovars are especially prevalent in developing countries. It is one of the emerging pathogen in food-borne diseases, which is often found in contaminated chicken eggs. The aim of this study was to apply a PCR–RFLP method using Sau3AI and HhaI restriction endonucle...

listeria monocytogenes is an important food borne pathogen with a high case fatality rate. among 13 different serotypes of this bacterium, 4 serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b) were considered as the main cause of listeriosis outbreaks. the aim of this study is to identify the major serotypes and virulence genes in listeria monocytegenes isolated from chicken carcasses which were collected fro...

A number of childhood vaccination programmes have recently introduced vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, a major cause of pneumonia and meningitis. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) that are currently in use only protect against some serotypes of the bacterium, and there is now strong evidence that those serotypes not included in the vaccine increase in pre...

BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a serious problem worldwide and the case fatality rate remains high. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), to survey the potential coverage of present and future vaccines, and to investigate differences between serotypes and groups of serotypes with regard to m...

BACKGROUND Recent trends of pneumococcal colonization in the United States, following the introduction of conjugate vaccination, indicate that non-vaccine serotypes tend to replace vaccine serotypes. The eventual extent of this replacement is however unknown and depends on serotype-specific carriage and transmission characteristics. METHODS Here, some of these characteristics were estimated f...