I. Biotechnology-Current and Potential Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 II. The Risks of Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 76 A. Environmental and Human Health Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 B. Social Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 III. Regulatory Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . ...

a survey was carried out in five provinces of iran (kerman, sistan and baluchestan, hormozgan, khorasan and yazd) for the presence of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) sero-types in alfalfa during 2002 to 2003. the number of samples collected was 250, represent-ing the diversity and geographical distribution of amv in these areas. diagnosis was car-ried out using polyclonal (pabs) and monoclonal (mabs...

conclusions the b3, b5, b7, b8 and b9 subgenotypes can be clustered into quasi-sub-genotype b3 and the open reading frame of hbv has a start codon preference; however, whether a mutation in the start codon in the pre-s2 region has an impact on survival and replication of hbv remains to be determined. background the number of cases of hbv infection reported by the who for each district and count...

background leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis in the world with more prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. the disease is very common in flat area of gilan, northern iran, where the climate is humid and temperate and rice farming is main agricultural activity in rural areas. patients and methods we performed this study in 2004 by taking blood samples from 465 hospitalized patients...

T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses are critical for antitumour immunity; however, T cell function is impaired in the tumour environment. MicroRNAs are involved in regulation of the immune system. While little is known about the function of intrinsic microRNAs in CD8(+) T cells in the tumour microenvironment. Here, we found that miR-491 was upregulated in CD8(+) T cells from mice with colore...

We will be closely following the book ”Essentials of Stochastic Processes”, 2nd Edition, by Richard Durrett, for the topic ‘Finite Discrete time Markov Chains’ (FDTM). These preliminary notes are for giving an overview, and for providing some guidance on what to aim at while studying this topic. An FDTM has a finite number of states on which it can rest at discrete times 1, 2, · · · . Usually t...

In the past two lectures, we have discussed measurements and entanglement. We now combine these two topics to discuss one of the most fundamental questions in quantum theory: Does entanglement as we understand it actually exist in Nature? Recall that in 1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) argued that quantum mechanics could not be a complete physical theory due to its prediction of states ...

an indirect enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for screening of antibody to avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). antigen was prepared from whole-purified ibv massachusetts serotype (br 801 strain). optimum dilution with minimum background for antigen concentration, rabbit anti-chicken conjugate and sera in developed elisa was determined 0.1μg/ml, 1:3000 and 1:100, respe...

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be an important mediator of allergic rhinitis. In the present study we evaluated the effectiveness of a recently described PAF antagonist (ABT-491) in rat and guinea pig models of allergic rhinitis. PAF, when perfused through the nasal passages of anesthetized Brown Norway rats, provoked an acute increase, measured as dye leakage, in nasal vascular permeabil...