The phloem unloading pathway remains unclear in fleshy fruits accumulating a high level of soluble sugars. A structural investigation in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Golden Delicious) showed that the sieve element-companion cell complex of the sepal bundles feeding the fruit flesh is symplasmically isolated over fruit development. 14C-autoradiography indicated that the phloem of the s...

Size is a critical property of a cell, but how it is determined is still not well understood. The sepal epidermis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains cells with a diversity of sizes ranging from giant cells to small cells. Giant cells have undergone endoreduplication, a specialized cell cycle in which cells replicate their DNA but fail to divide, becoming polyploid and enlarged. Thro...

Understanding the genetic consequences of changes in population size is fundamental in a variety of contexts, such as adaptation and conservation biology. In the study presented here, we have performed a replicated experiment with the plant Nigella degenii to explore the quantitative genetic effects of a single-founder bottleneck. In agreement with additive theory, the bottleneck reduced the me...

Sexual systems are highly variable in flowering plants and an important contributor to floral diversity. The ranunculid genus Thalictrum is especially well-suited to study evolutionary transitions in sexual systems. Homeotic transformation of sexual organs (stamens and carpels) is a plausible mechanism for the transition from hermaphroditic to unisexual flowers in this lineage because flowers o...

Growth of tissues is highly reproducible; yet, growth of individual cells in a tissue is highly variable, and neighboring cells can grow at different rates. We analyzed the growth of epidermal cell lineages in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) sepal to determine how the growth curves of individual cell lineages relate to one another in a developing tissue. To identify underlying growth tre...

UN CO RR EC Perimembranous ventricular septal defect in adulthood can be complicated by episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia [1,2]. The treatment algorithm of both the arrhythmia and congenital cardiac defect can raise some issues, namely medical versus interventional therapies. We report the case of a 40 years old man, admitted for slow ventricular tachycardia with left bundle branch ...

Multicellular development produces patterns of specialized cell types. Yet, it is often unclear how individual cells within a field of identical cells initiate the patterning process. Using live imaging, quantitative image analyses and modeling, we show that during Arabidopsis thaliana sepal development, fluctuations in the concentration of the transcription factor ATML1 pattern a field of iden...

The involvement of PISTILLATA (PI) and APETALA (AP) transcription factors in the development of floral organs has previously been elucidated but little is known about their upstream regulation. In this investigation, two novel mutants generated in Papaver somniferum were analyzed--one with partially petaloid sepals and another having sepaloid petals. Progeny from reciprocal crosses of respectiv...

One of the most dynamic research and application areas of neural networks is classification. In this paper, the use of matlab coding for simulation of backpropagation neural network for classification of Iris dataset is demonstrated. Fisher’s Iris data base collected from uci repository is used. The data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a type of iris plan...