A challenging issue for network communication is to provide uninterrupted network services even when a link failure occurs. Path protection offers a promising solution by employing a link-disjoint secondary backup path to protect the primary path. Existing path protection mechanisms can be classified into 1+1 protection, 1:1 protection 1:N protection and M:N protection. However, their implement...

Service restorability is a key requirement in optical networks. This means that when wavelength paths are established, both a primary path and a secondary disjoint path have to be set-up, with the secondary path being used for service restoration upon primary path failure. The secondary path may possibly be shared for efficiency. The need for secondary paths imposed by the restorability require...

Neurolin (zf DM-GRASP), a transmembrane protein with five extracellular immunoglobulin domains, is expressed by secondary but not primary motoneurons during zebrafish development. The spatiotemporally restricted expression pattern suggests that Neurolin plays a role in motor axon growth and guidance. To test this hypothesis, we injected zebrafish embryos with function-blocking Neurolin antibodi...

Packet tracing is a popular and efficient method for accelerating ray tracing. However, packet traversal techniques become inefficient when they are applied to path tracing since the secondary rays are incoherent. In this paper, we present a simple technique for improving the coherency of secondary rays. This technique uses the same sequence of random numbers for generating secondary rays for a...

It is shown that the phase space path integral for a system with arbitrary second class constraints (primary, secondary ...) can be rewritten as a configuration space path integral of the exponent of the Lagrangian action with some local measure.

A Kalman filter solution to active control and its fast-array implementation are provided. The adaptive control problem is formulated as a state-estimation problem and no interchanging of the adaptive filter and the secondary-path is imposed. Moreover, no estimate of the disturbance signal is needed, and we exploit the structure in the state–space matrices to derive a fast-array implementation....

This paper considers the primary and secondary path generation problem in traffic engineering. We first present a standard MILP model. Since its size and integrality gap are very large, we then apply a Benders decomposition to isolate the failure case capacity constraints, related linearisation variables and linearisation constraints. The disaggregated Benders cuts are generated, which is actua...