Various modes of preservation of Ediacaran fossils in different sediments, quartz sand at Zimnie Gory in northern Russia and lime mud at Khorbusuonka in northern Yakutia, show that the sediment was liquid long after formation of the imprints and that its mineralogy did not matter. A laminated 2 mm thick microbial mat is preserved intact at Zimnie Gory. It stabilized the sediment surface allowin...

An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) and morphological were simultaneously observed by epifluorescence and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy during fertilization of the sand dollar, Clypeaster japonicus. [Ca2+], which was detected by a Ca2+ indicator, Fluo-3, initially increased just beneath the sperm-attached site on the egg surface 8.6 sec after attachmen...

We summarize information concerning Recent and Pleistocene-Holocene Uruguayan sand dollars (Mellitidae), as well as Miocene taxa (Monophorasteridae). Recent and Pleistocene-Holocene species (Encope emarginata, Mellita quinquiesperforata, and Leodia sexisperforata) are at their southernmost limits of distribution, with only E. emarginata recorded further south than Uruguay. Lower temperatures to...

Many larvae and other plankton have complex and variable morphologies of unknown functional significance. We experimentally and theoretically investigated the functional consequences of the complex morphologies of larval sand dollars, Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz), for hydrodynamic interactions between swimming and turbulent water motion. Vertical shearing flows (horizontal gradients of ...

To evaluate the effect of floor on maintenance behaviours cow in loose housing system, four groups, viz. T0 (concrete covered and brick-paved open area), T1 sand bed open), T2 (rubber mat open) T3 were studied. Feeding was major activity (39–44%) day, with significant difference between groups. In area, lying standing rumination, while area idling, significantly different groups during day. D...

In this article, the Environmental pollution in Iraq was studied by using the remote sensing techniques for the period (2010-2014). In general, the environmental pollution can be divided into three major parts: Air, Water, and soil pollutions. To overcome the problem, multi-satellite images with different resolution and bands at different dates were used to detect and quantize the source of pol...