BACKGROUND Salvia divinorum is a non-water-soluble hallucinogen that is becoming increasingly popular among adolescents. Salvia is a highly selective full agonist of primate and cloned human cerebral kappa-opioid receptors, although its psychotomimetic effects are similar to serotonergic agonists and NMDA glutamate antagonists. Salvia has been associated with depersonalization, laughter, feelin...

AIMS This study is to determine the effect of astragalus and salvia extract on the alteration of myocardium in a rat model of myocardial infarction. METHODS A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated group, the control group, the Astragalus group, the Salvia group, and the compatibility of Astragalus and Salvia and group. The cardiac functions were det...

This research attempts to develop an analytical framework for hedge fund investment. Various issues related to the hedge fund investment have been addressed. This paper focuses on three distinct areas of hedge fund research, namely, bias in hedge fund data, the classification of hedge funds, and performance attribution of hedge funds. All studies, reported in this paper, have been carried out u...

Hedge fund databases vary as to the type of funds to include and in their classification scheme. Investment strategy and/or investment style are the basis for classification. Considerable variation is observed in the definitions, return calculation methodologies, and assumptions. There exists a myriad of classifications, some overlapping and some mutually exclusive. There is a need for an ‘alte...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to collect a flowering specimen of Salvia divinorum allowing the identification of this species. While the species' traditional use is confined to a very small region of Mexico, since Hofmann and Wasson's expedition 50 years ...

Genus Salvia, commonly known as sage, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae family. It comprises many species traditionally used as brain-enhancing tonics. In vitro and animal studies have confirmed that several Salvia species contain a large array of active compounds that may enhance cognitive activity and protect against neurodegenerative disease. In this review, the active constituents in pl...

We examine the value of fund of funds (FoFs) using a new database of the funds’ hedge fund holdings. This data allows a first ever look at the types of hedge funds that FoFs select, as well the ability to gauge the FoFs’ skill at hiring and firing hedge fund managers. We find that FoFs hire larger, younger, and more illiquid hedge funds that have positive past performance. FoFs select hedge fun...

We propose an algebra of regular hedge expressions built on top of regular hedge grammars as a framework for the analysis and manipulation of hedge languages. We show how linear systems of hedge language equations (LS for short) can be used as an intermediate representation on which to perform the computation of quotient, intersection, product derivative, and factor matrix of regular hedge lang...

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on serum levels of cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS Thirty-six SAP patients were randomly divided into Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated group and non-Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated group with eighteen patients in each...

We acknowledge the LBS Centre for Hedge Fund Research and Education for providing the hedge fund data used in this paper. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at Abstract This paper studies the risk in fixed-income hedge fund styles. Principal component analysis is applied to groups of fixed-income hedge funds to extract common sources of risk and return. These common sources of risk a...