This paper investigates community impoverishment and industrialization as explanations for educational gender gaps in rural China with analysis of a multi-province household survey and a longitudinal study of youth in one impoverished province. We consider attributes of poor communities that might shape gaps and the related roles of household and community poverty. Three major results emerge fr...

introduction: today empowerment has become to one of the main concepts of sustainable development.j three types of relationship between empowerment and sustainable development are: 1- empowerment is component of sustainable development. 2- empowerment is the cause of sustainable development. 3- empowerment is the result of sustainable development. therefore it is not possible achievement to sus...

The author analyzes the rapid process of urbanization (which involved large-scale rural-urban migration) that occurred in the USSR during its industrialization during the 1930s. Data are from official Soviet sources, including the censuses of 1918, 1926, and 1939. The author examines factors that attracted migrants to cities as well as those that drove them from the countryside. The system o...

Vitamin-D deficiency represents a global health problem affecting individuals across all life stages1. Hypovitaminosis D is largely due to inadequate cutaneous production from 7-dehydrocholesterol and, to a lesser degree, from low dietary intake or impaired intestinal absorption of vitamin-D. The physiological production in the skin of this vitamin-hormone is affected by the exposure to sunligh...

Urbanization in China has in part been subject to centrally planned control and in part has resulted from the pressures of industrialization and economic development. One of the major, if neglected, influences has been the social policies controlling internal migration and influencing urban-rural inequalities in income and social welfare. Urbanization poses continuing and growing challenges for...

Food-borne trematodes constitute a family of lung, liver and intestinal flukes that have parasitized mankind and domesticated animals since the distant past. In the modern global village, food-borne trematodes present a daunting challenge of infection with severe morbidity, despite being highly neglected as causes of disease. Urbanization is the population shift from rural to urban centers, as ...