Effect of sebum and ointment rubbing was evaluated on the permeation of a model steroidal drug, triamcinolone acetonide (TA), from white petrolatum ointment through excised hairless rat skin. Two kinds of white petrolatum ointment containing TA at a concentration of 1.0% were made using a "pre-applied ointment," which was made by applying and recovering white petrolatum on and from the rat skin...

Many social animals have a species-specific repertoire of affiliative behaviours that characterise individualised relationships within a group. To date, however, quantitative studies on intragroup affiliative behaviours in social carnivores have been limited. Here, we investigated the social functions of the two most commonly observed affiliative behaviours in captive African lions (Panthera le...

This paper provides a continuation of ‘The Characteristics and Properties of Rubbing Bricks used for Gauged Brickwork – Part One’, published by Gerard Lynch and Sara Pavía in the March 2003 issue of the Journal of Architectural Conservation. In this, the authors examined the historical background, raw materials, production methods, use, and weathering characteristics of rubbing bricks. Despite ...

Different techniques for the crossing of beans have been described (Bliss, 1980; Buishand, 1956; CIAT, 1982; Lorz, 1957; Okonkwo and Clayberg. 1984; Strand, 1943; Wade, 1943; Wester and Jorgensen, 1950; Wester and Marth, 1949; Wigton, 1959). The rubbing and hooking methods of Buishand (1956) are widely used in breeding programs. Considerable success has been obtained using Buishand's techniques...

(001)-oriented monoclinic nanorod and microplate WO3 films are fabricated on commercial FTO-coated glass substrates by a rubbing seed layer and a spin-coating seed layer assisted by hydrothermal reactions. The nanorod film obtained by the rubbing seed layer assisted by hydrothermal reactions is more regular and perpendicular to the substrate.

Keratoconus, a dystrophy of unknown origin, remains an ophthalmic enigma. The contrast between the presence of marked structural changes and deformation of the corneal wall and the relative absence of specific genetic and biomolecular findings continues to intrigue ophthalmologists. In Marfan syndrome, where genetic and molecular abnormalities are well identified, and similar changes in collage...

Brown bears are known to use rubbing behavior as a means of chemical communication, but the function of this signaling is unclear. One hypothesis that has gained support is that male bears rub to communicate dominance to other males. We tested the communication of dominance hypothesis in a low-density brown bear population in southeast British Columbia. We contrasted rubbing rates for male and ...