Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive technique that is capable of producing after-effects outlasting the stimulation for minutes to more than an hour. Varied paradigms and targets of the stimulation may produce different brain modulations corresponding to the changes of specific cortical plasticity. Conventional low-frequency rTMS depresses the cortical excitabi...

Depression is a major psychiatric disorder. The standard treatment for depression is antidepressant medication, but the responses to antidepressant treatment are only partial, even poor, among 30%-45% of patients. Refractory depression is defined as depression that does not respond to antidepressant therapy after 4 weeks of use. There is evidence that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulatio...

BackgroundRepetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), but therapeutic benefit highly variable. Clinical improvement related to changes in brain circuits, which have preferred resonant frequencies (RFs) and vary across individuals.ObjectiveWe developed a novel rTMS-electroencephalography (rTMS-EEG) interrogation paradigm iden...

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used widely in various psychiatric disorders like depression and schizophrenia. There have been some reports of its usefulness in alcohol dependence and substance use disorders. The present paper reviews the studies done using rTMS in substance use disorders including alcohol and nicotine dependence. Various studies done have been rev...

OBJECTIVE To test the anticonvulsive potential of a range of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) frequencies by novel methods for simultaneous EEG and rTMS in a rat seizure model. METHODS Seizures were triggered by intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA; 10mg/kg). Rats (n=21) were divided into three groups in which individual seizures were treated with rTMS trains at one of three fre...

One-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (1Hz-rTMS) over ipsilateral motor cortex is able to modify up to 30 min the motor performance of repetitive finger opposition movements paced with a metronome at 2 Hz. We investigated whether the long-lasting rTMS effect on motor behavior can be modulated by subsequent engagement of the contralateral sensorimotor system. Motor task was perf...

In open trials, 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the supplementary motor area (SMA) improved symptoms and normalized cortical hyper-excitability of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we present the results of a randomized sham-controlled double-blind study. Medication-resistant OCD patients (n=21) were assigned 4 wk either active or sham rTMS to t...

OBJECTIVE Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a technique for noninvasive focal brain stimulation by which small intracranial electrical currents are generated by a fluctuating extracranial magnetic field. In clinical epilepsy, rTMS has been applied most often interictally to reduce seizure frequency. Less often, rTMS has been used to terminate ongoing seizures, as in instanc...

Objectives: This study explored whether the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on corticospinal excitability are dependent on the stimulation intensity and examined the effect of rTMS on inhibitory function. Methods: Nine normal volunteers received 15 min of 1 Hz rTMS at 85 and 115% of the resting motor threshold (RMT). Cortical excitability was measured before and a...