Palm oil wastewater treatment was investigated via a filtration process using raw and calcinated limestone. Column studies were conducted different limestone sizes (4, 12, 20 mm), calcination temperature (800 °C 600 °C) various rates (20, 60, 100 mL/min), comparison made with under similar conditions. The response surface methodology central composite design employed to optimize the parameter. ...

Machining operations for freeform surface features usually include roughing, ®nishing for the bottom surface, tapering, and corner rounding. Strategies and algorithms to decompose the overall task into these operations are presented. The decomposition aims at minimizing machining time within the constraints of the speci®ed surface roughness and tolerance, and machine tool safety. The roughing o...

The increased accessibility of the tool achieved by using 5-axis roughing reduces overall machining time complex parts reducing or eliminating re-roughing and semi-finishing operations thereby decreasing volume remaining material before finishing operations. However, milling generates significant variations in orientation which, combined with high engagement required conditions, can be penalizi...

The assessments of machinability of metal cutting are called "indices" and are derived by comparative research. These indices are the relations of two identical parameters, such as is the allowable cutting speed. The assessments were obtained at a constant tool life of 60 min, at the appropriate tool life minimum costs and the efficient reporting of specific restrictions for finishing and rough...

We present a novel approach to CAD/CAM integration for 3-axis machining. Instead of redefining the workpiece in terms of machining features, we generate tool paths directly by using the accessibility of the surface of the part as the central and the over-arching constraint. This eliminates the problem of feature extraction. We envision this as the core strategy of a new direct and seamless CAD/...

In this study, we mitigated the harmonic voltage in a power system that contained roughing mill (RM) and finishing (FM) motor drives. AC/DC converter type RM drive is non-linear, large-capacity varying load adversely affects quality, e.g., flicker, distortion, etc. The drop can be compensated within certain limit by using proper capacity of capacitor bank. addition, distortion controlled as per...

Background: The effective size of the end grain of horizontal roughing filters (HRFs) is larger than 2 mm. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of HRFs in removing nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from effluent of a wastewater stabilization pond. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in 2013. The pilot project was transferred to the Karaj wastewater treatment ...

Background & Aims of the Study: The Horizontal roughing filters (HRF) are generally formed with three layers. The size of the course at the beginning of the flow path is large and at the end is small. This kind of layering increases absorption capacity while the solids entering the bed–depth gradually separate because of the decline in the holes’ diameters. This stu...