in the 90s, a remarkable number of manuscripts were found in northern afghanistan, including economic documents, legal documents, and letters, which have become an important resource for academic studies. this paper aims to investigate the bactrian pantheon as reflected in the economic documents of this collection. at first, these economic documents and the pantheon mentioned in them are introd...

Medical history in ancient Iran began with the immigration of Aryans to Iran about 30 centuries before Christ. Zoroastrians believed that the first physician was Thirta and the great physician in Zoroastrian era called Thraetoon was the inventor of medical science and the killer of the wicked soul. Followers of Zoroaster claimed that Ahoramazda created goodness and Ahriman managed to create pai...

Medical history in ancient Iran began with the immigration of Aryans to Iran about 30 centuries before Christ. Zoroastrians believed that the first physician was Thirta and the great physician in Zoroastrian era called Thraetoon was the inventor of medical science and the killer of the wicked soul. Followers of Zoroaster claimed that Ahoramazda created goodness and Ahriman managed to create pai...

In the 90s, a remarkable number of manuscripts were found in Northern Afghanistan, including economic documents, legal documents, and letters, which have become an important resource for academic studies. This paper aims to investigate the Bactrian pantheon as reflected in the economic documents of this collection. At first, these economic documents and the pantheon mentioned in them are introd...

this article exposes an analysis of the zoroastrian persian calendar in a 12th century hebrew book on the jewish calendar (sefer ha-‘ibbūr). the hebrew treatise was composed by the polymath abraham bar ḥiyya, probably in northern france. bar ḥiyya depicts the structure of the zoroastrian persian calendar, its months and some of its festivals. he then expounds on calendrical algorithms which ena...

This paper aims to examine the death penalty in Zoroastrianism, the Quran, and the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. By studying antient Zoroastrian texts, we face a variety of crimes and punishments such as murder, robbery, adultery, magic, rape, and assault that were always considered to be the worst offenses. Zoroastrian religious scholars wrote books on crimes and their punishment in th...