Positively charged (cetylpyridinium chloride), negatively (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and non-charged (polyethylene glycol) surfactants are used as potential foulant in reverse electrodialysis systems supplying seawater river freshwater. Fouling tendency of the foulants to ion-exchange membranes is investigated terms adsorption by electromigration, electrostatic attraction, macromolecule interact...

Electrodialysis, reverse electrodialysis, and related electrochemical processes are increasingly important technologies for water purification renewable energy generation storage. The electrical efficiency of these is directly to the permselectivity ion exchange membranes (IEMs) – defined as extent which membrane permits passage counter-ions (ions opposite charge membrane, e.g., cations a catio...

Chloride ion, the majority salt in nature, is ∼52% faster than sodium ion (DNa+ = 1.33, DCl- = 2.03[10(-9)m(2)s(-1)]). Yet, current electrochemical desalination technologies (e.g. electrodialysis) rely on bipolar ion conduction, removing one pair of the cation and the anion simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate that novel ion concentration polarization desalination can enhance salt removal under...