BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are the most important and pathogenic mycoplasma in chicken production. The tendency of avian mycoplasma for interaction with other pathogen is well-known. Interaction within several disease-producing factors in respiratory tract exacerbate the disease and known as multicausal respiratory disease. OBJECTIVES: In recent years...

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations; however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort...

mitochondrial disorders (mids) may occasionaly go along with dysmorphism but hand deformities, as in the following case, have been only rarely reported. a 72 year old female with ptosis, hypoacusis, tremor, myopathy, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, severe cardiac disease, pulmonary hypertension, gastric carcinoid, hepatopathy, generalised atherosclerosis, anemia, polyarthrosis, and hy...

severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a fetal communicable respiratory disease, known as atypical pneumonia. this disease first appeared in china on november 2002 and spread very fast in various parts of the world especially in asia. number of reported cases of sars from november 2002 to may 2003 were about 8046 of which 6825 patients died. sars is caused by coronavirus, and symptoms of d...

upper respiratory tract diseases (urtd) are common clinical problem in cats worldwide. feline calicivirus (fcv) and feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) are the main primary pathogens. feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and feline leukemia virus (felv) are also among the most common infectious diseases of cats which suppress the immunity. oropharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and blood samples wer...

background: application noninvasive ventilation in the patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) reduced mortality. this case-control study was designed to compare efficiency and outcome of non-invasive (niv) versus invasive positive pressure ventilation (ippv) in respiratory failure due to copd methods: the patients were assigned to niv or ippv intermittantly.t...

Abstract One of the main cause of severe respiratory infection in infants and young children is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The disease can also occur in adults and elderly individuals and clinically not to be differentiated from other viral respiratory infection. The disease causes bronchiolitis, and sometimes pneumonia in new born and young children which requires hospital care. To di...