OBJECTIVE To conduct a nationwide survey of the methods used in newborn screening (NBS) programs to notify birthing centers, pediatricians, and parents of the results of NBS tests in every state and territory. STUDY DESIGN State and territory NBS program representatives were identified and contacted via e-mail. Each state or territory responded to a survey asking questions about their methods...

Abstract Large‐scale ecological sampling networks, such as national forest inventories (NFIs), collect in situ data to support biodiversity monitoring, management and planning, greenhouse gas reporting. Data harmonization aims link auxiliary remotely sensed field‐collected expand beyond field plots, but outliers that arise harmonization—questionable observations because their values differ subs...

This paper analyzes optimal copyright levies in a representative consumer model and derives welfare implications for harmonization of levy rates. When the policymakers place enough weight on the interests of collecting societies, harmonization could lead to a reduction in social welfare. When countries are asymmetric, the country with a larger proportion of foreign consumption and more ine¢ cie...

medical ethics is a realm where four important subjects of philosophy, medicine, theology and law are covered. physicians and philosophers cooperation in this area will have great efficiency in the respective ethical rules formation. in addition to respect the autonomy of the patient, physician's obligation is to ensure that the medical intervention has benefit for the patient and the harm is m...

Background It is widely accepted and acknowledged that data harmonization is crucial: in its absence, the co-analysis of major tranches of high quality extant data is liable to inefficiency or error. However, despite its widespread practice, no formalized/systematic guidelines exist to ensure high quality retrospective data harmonization. Methods To better understand real-world harmonization ...

Rapid globalization of the agrifood industry has important impacts on international trade and quality management (QM). Likewise, European Union negotiated a series bilateral free agreements. Of note was Transatlantic Trade Investment Partnership (TTIP) with United States America, where debate focused mutual recognition harmonization standards, especially for agricultural food products. This top...

Globalization is an important reason for the current interest in the harmonization of national policies. In the European Community/Union harmonization of the national laws and policies of the member states was one of three legal techniques the Rome Treaty made available for establishing and maintaining a common market. The long history of policy harmonization in the EC/EU provides a good empiri...

BACKGROUND Many countries have created community-based health worker (CHW) programs for HIV. In most of these countries, several national and non-governmental initiatives have been implemented raising questions of how well these different approaches address the health problems and use health resources in a compatible way. While these questions have led to a general policy initiative to promote ...