As a query language for navigating XML trees and selecting a set of element nodes, XPath is ubiquitous in XML applications. One important issue of XPath queries is containment checking, which is known as a co-NP complete. The homomorphism relationship between two XPath trees, which is a PTIME problem, is a sufficient but not necessary condition for the containment relationship. We propose a new...

In speaker verification, structural maximum-a-posteriori (SMAP) adaptation for Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has been proven effective, especially when the speech segment is very short. In SMAP adaptation, an acoustic tree of Gaussian components is constructed to represent the hierarchical acoustic space. Until now, however, there has been no clear way to automatically find the optimal tree stru...

The classification-tree method developed by Grochtmann and Grimm facilitates the identification of test cases from functional specifications via the construction of classification trees. Their method has been enhanced by Chen and Poon through the classification-tree construction and restructuring methodologies. We find, however, that the restructuring algorithm by Chen and Poon is applicable on...

In this study, we address the problem of extracting relations between entities fromWikipedia’s English articles. Our proposed method first anchors the appearance of entities in Wikipedia’s articles using neither Named Entity Recognizer (NER) nor coreference resolution tool. It then classifies the relationships between entity pairs using SVM with features extracted from the web structure and sub...

Tree biomass and the diversity relationship in mixed forest have an impact on ecosystem services provisions. yield is driven by several aspects such as species identity, site condition, stand density, tree age expressed mingling structural diversity. By comparing diverse degrees of mixtures natural forests, we can gain insight into provision level dynamic. Two monitoring sites Castilian Norther...

c 0000 American Mathematical Society 1052-1798/00 $1.00 + $.25 per page . We present a method for visualising and quantifying the relationship between a pair of gene and species trees that constructs a third tree termed the reconciled tree. Given a gene tree and a species tree the reconciled tree represents the history of the gene tree embedded within the species tree. The reconciled tree is co...

Gaps created by falling trees (tree-fall gaps) are a natural disturbance in forest ecosystems. Understanding scale, pattern and the effect of gaps on regeneration is important to current and future forest management. The aim of this study was to determine the size, shape and the spatial pattern of tree-fall gaps and of associated regeneration. This study was carried out in three parcels (No.15,...

The present study was focused to examine the combined effects of climate and ultraviolet-B radiation on conifer tree-ring density. Statistical methods were employed to extract tree responses in annual ring density and to identify functional relationship in trees when the level of ultraviolet-B radiation changes regardless of climate variations. In this study, the consideration was given to the ...