Laser materials processing with ultra-short pulses allows very precise and high quality results with a minimum extent of the thermally affected zone. However, with increasing average laser power and repetition rates the so-called heat accumulation effect becomes a considerable issue. The following discussion presents a comprehensive analytical treatment of multi-pulse processing and reveals the...

In coastal cities, some paralleled twin tunnels must be constructed in soft soil layers, and stratum reinforcement is necessary to enhance the stability of tunnel. However, influence construction following tunnel on preceding reinforced strata not clear. This study focuses four kinds strategies: ring right (RR), left (LR), (TR), cement wall between (CR). The interaction mechanism during constru...

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) detects a tunnel with relatively low-frequency electromagnetic waves, which can result in poorly characterized reinforced steel bar (rebar) hyperbolas and make it challenging to recognize rebar. Thus, the rebar is located by using attenuation reflection coefficients, hyperbolic feature of reconstructed for recognition. Due differences properties other media second...

the pull- out strength of the reinforcement has a significant role on the function of the most reinforced soil structures. since the coarse grain soils have a better interaction with the reinforcement, they are mostly used in these structures. in most situations, we have to transfer these granular soils from the borrow area, usually far from the site of the project. this will impose a considera...

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