the innate immune system recognizes the presence of bacterial products through the expression of a family of membrane receptors known as toll-like receptors (tlrs). polymorphisms in tlrs have been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. the aim of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between polymorphisms of tlr...

objective: it has been shown that silybum marianum or its extracts have hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. nitric oxide (no) plays an important role in neurotransmission, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity and pathological pain, as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system. therefore, this experiment was performed in orde...

background and objective: familial hypercholesterolemia (fh) is an autosomal trait, which is caused by mutations in low density lipoprotein receptor (ldlr) gene. fh penetrance is about 100% and worldwide prevalence for heterozygous subjects is almost 1 in 500 and for homozygous 1 in 1,000,000. the patients are at risk of premature coronary heart disease (chd) due to defective ldlr and hence cho...

atherosclerosis has serious role in coronary arteries disease,so it is important to establish effective strategies for prevention or even treatment of atherosclerosis. adiponectin, as one of the most abundant adipokines, has insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. disturbed adiponectin actions through its receptor, (adipor1 and adipor2) may be involved in atheros...

introduction: the brain glutamate neurotransmitter system and its nmda receptors in the nucleus accumbens play an important role in the incidence of the phenomena of sensitivity and addiction. the present study examined the inhibitory effect of glutamate nmda receptors in the nucleus accumbens in response to chronic stress. methods: after the unilateral and bilateral cannula placement in the nu...

neuroendocrine tumors (nets) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms including carcinoids, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, pituitary tumors, medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytomas. the symptoms and the outcome of nets differ considerably between patients depending on several factors. by labelling tracers with a radioisotope, the tracer acts as a carrier to deliver the radioa...

This review brings up to date material on the pulm'J:iary receptors with vagal afferent fibers. The­re a:·e essentially three typs of pulmonary receptors, 1) pulmonary stretch receptors, 2) irritant receptors, 3) type J pulmonary receptors. Their location, natu- 1 al stimulus, excitatory stimulus, reflex effects ancl their responses to chemical substances for three kind of recptas a,e discussed...

meningiomas are slow-growing neoplasms which recur locally, their morphologic grading is simple but do not always correlate with patient outcome. the aim of present study is to evaluate the status of progesterone receptor (pr) and proliferation marker ki67 in various grades of meningioma in a group of iranian patients. 78 cases of meningioma were selected from the file of a hospital university....

introduction: in this study, the effect of memantine administration into the nucleus accumbens on the metabolic changes induced by acute stress in female mice was evaluated. methods: intra-accumbens unilateral or bilateral canulation was performed. one week after recovery, a group of animals were given memantine (1, 0.5, and 0.1 μg/mouse) five min before stress induction intra-accumbally, and t...

introduction: dopamine plays an important role in the central nervous system for modulating food intake. dopamine receptors are distributed within the hypothalamus, and expression of d1 receptors is significant in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (pvn). therefore, the aim of this study was to find if pvn-microinjected skf38393, d1 receptor agonist, may modulate food intake. methods: guide c...