Definitions and Distinctions First, it is important to distinguish between categorical variables and continuous variables. Categorical variables are those with two values (i.e., binary, dichotomous) or those with a few ordered categories. Examples might include gender, dead vs. alive, audited vs. not audited, or variables with few response options like “never,” “sometimes,” or “always.” Continu...

Any function relating several variables for which admissible scale transformations are specified is assumed to satisfy a functional equation that requires admissible transformations of the independent variables to effect only admissible transformations of the dependent variable. When there are not any dimensional constants that, in effect, cancel out the admissible transformations of the indepe...

Benthic habitat maps, including maps of seabed sediments, have become critical spatial-decision support tools for marine ecological management and conservation. Despite the increasing recognition that environmental variables should be considered at multiple spatial scales, variables used in habitat mapping are often implemented at a single scale. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ...

this study considered the production economics of coffee in pakuwa village development committee of parbat district, nepal. household survey was done in june 2014. data collection was done using semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire administered on 40 coffee producers selected randomly. gross margin analysis, profitability index and the benefit-cost ratio was used to analyze the production e...

We consider estimation and conndence regions for the parameters and based on the observations is known up to a constant. We study the asymptotic performance of the estimators deened as the maximum likelihood estimator under the assumption that Z 1 ; : : :; Z n is a random sample from a completely unknown distribution. These estimators are shown to be asymptotically eecient in the semi-parametri...

Using instrumental variable methods to estimate the parameters of dynamic errors-in-variables systems with a periodic input signal is the focus in this report. How to choose suitable instrumental variable vectors is the key point. Four variants are proposed; all of them can generate consistent estimates. An analysis shows that the best accuracy is achieved by using a specific overdetermined ins...

i∈N R = {(a0, a1, a2, . . . )|aj ∈ R} is a countable direct product of (R,+) with itself. Thus the elements of R[[x]] are arbitrary sequences with entries in R where addition is componentwise. We define a multiplication ⋆ via (a0, a1, . . . ) ⋆ (b0, b1, . . . ) = (c0, c1, . . . ) where cn = ∑n k=0 akbn−k for all n ∈ N. It is easy to check that the sequence (1, 0, 0, . . . ) is a two-sided ident...

It is well known that MTL with integer endpoints is unable to express all of monadic first-order logic of order and metric (FO(<,+1)). Indeed, MTL is unable to express the counting modalities Cn that assert a properties holds n times in the next time interval. We show that MTL with the counting modalities, MTL+C, is expressively complete for FO(<,+1). This result strongly supports the assertion...