Category Ratio Scale Category External Internal Abstract Nominal Scale Category External InternalNominal Scale Category External Internal Oridinal Scale Magnitude Equal Interval Absolute Zero Abstract Ratio Scale Nominal Scale Ratio Scale Ratio ScaleRatio Scale Nominal Scale Ratio Scale Ratio Scale (A) Shape→File Size (B) Length→File Type (C) Length→File Size Excel Word Draw

Visual analogue scales (VAS) of sensory intensity and affective magnitude were validated as ratio scale measures for both chronic and experimental pain. Chronic pain patients and healthy volunteers made VAS sensory and affective responses to 6 noxious thermal stimuli (43, 45, 47, 48, 49 and 51 degrees C) applied for 5 sec to the forearm by a contact thermode. Sensory VAS and affective VAS respo...

* Correspondence: yklie@ynu.edu. cn Department of Mathematics, Yunnan University Kunming, Yunnan 650091, People’s Republic of China Abstract In this paper, by making use of the coincidence degree theory of Mawhin, the existence of the nontrivial solution for the boundary value problem with RiemannStieltjes Δ-integral conditions on time scales at resonance ⎧⎨ ⎩ x (t) = f (t, x(t), x (t)) + e(t),...

Background Single-use bioreactors continue to gain large interest in the biopharmaceutical industry. They are excessively used for mammalian cell cultivations, e.g. production of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines [1]. This is motivated by several advantages of these bioreactors like reduced risk of cross contaminations or shortening lead times [2]. Singleuse bioreactors differ in terms of shap...

We examine the dependence of the mass-to-light (M/L) ratio of large-scale structure on cosmological parameters, in models that are constrained to match observations of the projected galaxy correlation function wp(rp) and the galaxy luminosity function. For a sequence of cosmological models with a fixed, observationally motivated power spectrum shape and increasing normalization σ8, we find para...