Many of the reported arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for the enhanced delivery of drugs are linear peptides composed of more than seven arginine residues to retain the cell penetration properties. Herein, we synthesized a class of nine polyarginine peptides containing 5 and 6 arginines, namely, R5 and R6. We further explored the effect of acylation with long chain fatty acids (i....

Krox20 and mafB/kr are regulatory genes involved in hindbrain segmentation and anteroposterior (AP) patterning. They are expressed in rhombomeres (r) r3/r5 and r5/r6 respectively, as well as in the r5/r6 neural crest. Since several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family are expressed in the otic/preotic region (r2-r6), we investigated their possible involvement in the regulation o...

Motor neurons are segmentally organised in the developing chick hindbrain, with groups of neurons occupying pairs of hindbrain segments or rhombomeres. The branchiomotor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve occupies rhombomeres 2 and 3 (r2 and r3), that of the facial nerve r4 and r5, and that of the glossopharyngeal nerve r6 and r7. Branchiomotor neuron cell bodies lie within the basal plate, formin...

Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) (PC) and winter camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] (WC) have the potential to provide ecosystem services economic incentives when adopted as an oilseed cover crops in corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max Merr.] rotations. However, PC WC establishment yield northern Corn Belt their subsequent impact on row are not well known. This study was conducted ...

The chemical composition of plant components three maize hybrids harvested at the beginning six reproductive stages maturity was compared. evaluated included Maximus VIP3, Defender VIP and Feroz VIP, which were each following stages: R1 (grain formation), R2 (milky grain), R3 (pasty R4 (floury R5 (hard grain) R6 (ripe grain). advancement in maturation linearly related to crude protein (CP) cont...

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine injury by and survival of late-instar European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), on genetically altered Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner corn, Zea mays L. Cry1Ab events 176, Bt11, MON810, and MON802; Cry1Ac event DBT418; and Cry9C event CBH351 were evaluated. Plants of each corn hybrid were manually infested with two third-, fourt...

The presence of only non-syncytium-inducing beta-chemokine receptor 5-restricted (R5/NSI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in an infected individual has been associated with long-term asymptomatic survival. However, the majority of R5/NSI HIV-1-infected individuals do progress to AIDS. Here, we compared the replicative capacity and cytopathicity of R5/NSI HIV-1 variants that were iso...

Vertebrate hindbrain segmentation is a highly conserved process but the mechanism of rhombomere determination is not well understood. Recent work in the zebrafish has shown a requirement for fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling and for the transcription factor variant hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (vhnf1) in specification of rhombomeres 5 and 6 (r5+r6). We show here that vhnf1 functions in tw...

Huntington's disease (HD) patients suffer from progressive and debilitating motor dysfunction. Previously, we discovered reduced skeletal muscle chloride channel (ClC-1) currents, inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channel currents, and membrane capacitance in R6/2 transgenic HD mice. The ClC-1 loss-of-function correlated with increased aberrant mRNA processing and decreased levels of full-len...

The segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain into rhombomeres is highly conserved, but how early hindbrain patterning is established is not well understood. We show that rhombomere 4 (r4) functions as an early-differentiating signaling center in the zebrafish hindbrain. Time-lapse analyses of zebrafish hindbrain development show that r4 forms first and hindbrain neuronal differentiation occurs ...