In earlier papers of this series`~5 we have shown that cultures of Staphylococcus aureus when injected intravenously into rabbits produce fever by two different mechanisms. The cell bodies of this organism, in common with those of other Gram-positive bacteria, caused fevers that appeared after a characteristic latency of 45 to 60 minutes. The febrile responses were roughly proportional to the n...

Endotoxins prepared from gram-negative bacteria produce a wide variety of physiological reactions when administered to man and experimental animals. The intravenous injection of microgram quantities of these lipopolysaccharides into the appropriate host is followed by fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, and irreversible shock. In addition, endotoxins are capable of producing the...

Pyrogenic contaminations of some classes of injectable drugs, e.g. toxic or immunomodulatory as well as false-positive drugs, represent a major risk which cannot yet be excluded due to the limitations of current tests. Here we describe a modification of the In vitro Pyrogen Test termed AWIPT (Adsorb, Wash, In vitro Pyrogen Test), which addresses this problem by introducing a pre-incubation step...

Amorphous silica nanoparticles (ASNP) can be synthetized via several processes, 2 of which are the thermal route (to yield pyrogenic silica) and the wet route from a solution containing silicate salts (to obtain precipitated, colloidal, mesoporous silica, or silica gel). Both methods of synthesis lead to ASNP that are applied as food additive (E551). Current food regulation does not require tha...

Changes observed in the morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils connection with active influence surface fires mountain forest-steppe Western Transbaikalia indicate presence a pyrogenic reaction to appearance combustion products soil profile. The paper considers features defined as short-term or long-term signs various on six sample plots. has an informative function: it reflec...

There are numerous causes of a raised core temperature. A fever occurring in sepsis may be associated with a survival benefit. However, this is not the case for non-infective triggers. Where heat generation exceeds heat loss and the core temperature rises above that set by the hypothalamus, a combination of cellular, local, organ-specific, and systemic effects occurs and puts the individual at ...

A muramyl peptide that induces excess slow-wave sleep in rats, rabbits, and cats has recently been isolated from human urine. We now report that synthetic acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine ("muramyl dipeptide") and its lysyl derivative (acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyllysine) can mimic the somnogenic effects of the natural peptide. Both compounds are also pyrogenic and may cause other...

Comparisons of recently published primary sequences of staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins prompted an evaluation of biological and immunological properties of the C terminus of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1. The 59 N-terminal amino acids were deleted from the toxin by digestion with trypsin. The resulting fragment (Mr, 20,659) contained the remaining 180 C-terminal residues. This...