Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania alternate between flagellated, elongated extracellular promastigotes found in insect vectors, and round-shaped amastigotes enclosed in phagolysosome-like Parasitophorous Vacuoles (PVs) of infected mammalian host cells. Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes occupy large PVs which may contain many parasites; in contrast, single amastigotes of Leishmania ma...

OBJECTIVES Our purpose was to investigate the impact of short-lasting atrial fibrillation (AF) on the electrophysiological properties of the atria and pulmonary veins (PVs) in patients devoid of AF. BACKGROUND The presence of AF is associated with electrical remodeling processes that promote a substrate for arrhythmia maintenance in the atria, which has been termed "AF begets AF." However, it...

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) can be initiated by ectopic beats originating from the atrial or great venous tissues. This study investigated the anatomic characteristics and electrophysiological properties of pulmonary veins (PVs), as well as the possible mechanisms and response to drugs of ectopic foci, and assessed the effects of radiofrequency (RF) ablation on AF initiated by ectopic b...

BACKGROUND Enlarged perivascular spaces (PVS) are common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, whereas widespread enlarged PVS are extremely rare. Although most patients with widespread enlarged PVS remain asymptomatic, some develop neurological dysfunctions; however, it remains unclear whether these are the consequence of widespread enlarged PVS. CASE PRESENTATION A 64-year-old female p...

PVS stands for \Prototype Veriication System." It consists of a speciication language integrated with support tools and a theorem prover. PVS tries to provide the mechanization needed to apply formal methods both rigorously and productively. This tutorial serves to introduce PVS and its use in the context of hardware veriication. In the rst section, we brieey sketch the purposes for which PVS i...

Electrical isolation of the left superior, left inferior, and right superior pulmonary veins (PVs) is often, but not always, effective in eliminating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The incremental clinical value of also isolating the right inferior PV has not been well defined. PV isolation by ostial applications of radiofrequency energy guided by PV potentials was performed in 176 conse...

PVS (Prototype Veriication System) is an environment for constructing clear and precise speciications and for developing readable proofs that have been mechanically veriied. It is designed to exploit the synergies between language and deduction, automation and interaction, and theorem proving and model checking. For example, the type system of PVS requires the use of theorem proving to establis...

The primo vascular system (PVS) is being established as a circulatory system that corresponds to acupuncture meridians. There have been two critical questions in making the PVS accepted as a novel liquid flowing system. The first one was directly to show the flow of liquid in PVS and the second one was to explain why it was not observed in the conventional histological study of animal tissues. ...

We have developed PVS (Protein Variability Server), a web-based tool that uses several variability metrics to compute the absolute site variability in multiple protein-sequence alignments (MSAs). The variability is then assigned to a user-selected reference sequence consisting of either the first sequence in the alignment or a consensus sequence. Subsequently, PVS performs tasks that are releva...